Lakota woman

Mary Crow Dog was a Native American who wrote the book Lakota Woman as her autobiography.   She was a half-blood Sioux Indian.   She was born on the year 1953 and lives at the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation located in the state of South Dakota.   Her given name was Mary Brave Bird.   She became Mary Crow Dog after marrying Leonard Crow Dog, a medicine man and a spiritual leader of AIM or American Indians Movement who is also responsible in reviving the ancient Indian culture and ceremonies including the sacred but outlawed Ghost Dance.   To date, Mary Crow Dog has already one daughter named Jennifer and three sons including her first child Pedro and the two from her husband, which they named June Bug and Anwah.   Lakota Woman was one of the two books authored by Mary Crow Dog. The book Lakota Woman started in a light manner where Mary begins to teach the readers some facts, which are not commonly known by many of us.   Ethnically speaking and as taught by Mary, Sioux was divided into two parts: the eastern and the western.   Eastern Sioux was called Dakota, and the Western Sioux was the Lakota.   It was almost the same except that Dakota people cannot pronounce the letter â€Å"L†. Technically, Lakota was a formation of a seven tribes in Western Sioux also known as seven Sacred Campfires.   One of the tribes was the Brule Tribe or Sicangu in a Lakotan language, which is also known as Burned Thighs, and which Mary described as great warriors as they were during their times.   In this tribe Mary Brave Bird belongs. It was in 1870 and 1880 when the Brule Tribe along with other Sioux were forced to put in a reservation camp and trying to create new people living in an Americanized way including living without horses and hunting which Indians are born to live with. Lakota Woman was merely a full-blown and a first-hand account of Mary’s life.   She collectively told everything she has experienced.   She said that it was really hard and difficult to survive in any reservation camp, especially growing women like her.   She lived fatherless in a one-room cabin inside the Rosebud Reservation.   There she stated stories of some Indian women close to her whom she known was undergone maltreatment and injustice practices such as making them infertile against their will, beaten by their husbands or any men, brutality from American authorities, and the worse scenario of being murdered. Mary’s experiences in a Catholic boarding school were more of a distressing one rather than making happy memories.   At her young age, she found out that being an Indian female is only a third-class human being.   Inside the boarding school, teachers and nuns were trying these Indian girls to be Americanized, got whipped and beaten whenever found any disobedience practices in accordance to their upright monastery standard, which includes practicing their native customs, values and language. Her adolescence was even worse especially when she decided to step out of the boarding school.   She confessed her life was even more miserable as she got hooked into drinking and smoking, used drugs, victimized by poverty, racism and cruelness of the outside world.   Mary was 14 then when she got raped.   Age 17 when Mary finally had the best decision of joining the American Indian Movement where she participated right away in the 71-day long Wounded Knee standoff at South Dakota.   Then she married Leonard Crow Dog. When her husband was arrested, Mary Crow Dog began empowering herself and made herself vigilant in her own way knowing that most Americans were trying to kill their old native traditions, religion and the ancient Indian heritage as a whole.   Her active involvement in the AIM was getting stronger and stronger as she learned to be a public figure, delivering public speeches, informing the public about the mission and vision of their movement.   While helping Leonard endure his prison life, she eventually established a new strength as she traveled to gain support for their advocacy of fighting for the rights of American Indians. Although the Lakota woman was originally wrote as an autobiography book having personal accounts of Mary, it has to be consider one of the essential pieces of history volumes because it noted numerous historical facts and events that are important in American Indian history.   For those who have scant knowledge about it, especially in this modern generation, reading Lakota Women would be a great help.   Our interests in Indian stories should not just stop by having a fascination with it because there is more in reality, which contains the good and bad sides of it that we have to know and understand well. R E F E R E N C E S Dog, Mary C. Lak â€Å"Lakota woman† In 1953 at the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota, one of the most controversial American Indian authors was born. Mary Brave Bird (Sioux Indian name) which will be Mary Crow Dog in the future and to be an active activist against racial discrimination by the American whites was the writer of the two famous books, Ohitika Woman and the Lakota Woman.Lakota Woman which had contributed to the Indian’s historical struggle against racial discrimination is the autobiography of Mary Crow Dog. Here she described in full details her stressful story as an Indian girl who defined herself as half-breed. Her father has the blood of an American white while her mother is a full-blooded Sioux woman. Unfortunately, Mary was looked down upon by whites and full blooded-Indians alike because whites despised the Indians and vice versa. In effect, she grew up without friends and a loner.Born by a Catholic mother, Mary was persuaded to be a believer of this faith. She grew up in an indecent n eighborhood where men are jobless, drunk and worthless. Women are even treated like slaves by their husbands. Having the blood of a white American, she was brought to a Catholic boarding school to Americanize her but Mary described her school environment comparative to prisons of the Nazi concentration camps.She escaped from her school when she cannot bear the harsh treatment and the grave discrimination against her. Being outside the campus she joined small groups of outsiders and found solace with their company. She learned how to live the hard way but ultimately also learn how to blend with the drifters and smoke marijuana. She also became an alcoholic and was involved with many troubles.Meeting a guy at the young age of 16, married and got pregnant eventually did not change her confused life. Mary was in constant motion and nowhere to go. She learned to live in the ghetto and had to be tough with the harsh environment.Mary believed and felt that she was more of an Indian rather than partly an American because she was always treated as one. She became a member of a movement called the American Indian Movement (AIM) where he met her future husband, Leonard Crow Dog. Leonard was an Indian activist and a medicine man of many villages. He is constantly on public speaking against racial discrimination of American Indians and spoke of their rights and speaking of injustices.   AIM, however, was founded in 1968 with the goal of fighting the white’s discriminatory justice and social system. Their movement was inspired from the revolutions of blacks against whites’ racism.Eventually, Mary’s amazement with Leonard’s eloquence got Mary’s interest and the two fell in love and finally married. But Leonard was 12 years older than Mary and marrying him was not easy. The family of Leonard does not agree with the relationship because she was not a pure Indian by blood. Her family does not accept Leonard either because he is not a Christi an. As they both fought for their love, eventually their love lead to marriage.One of the highlights of this book was the killing of one of the leaders of AIM by a white man in 1973. The murderer was not properly investigated and was quickly released without the proper trial. The American Justice system obviously was one-sided for the whites as in this case. The American Indians were outraged and riots were formed outside the court which led to destruction of properties, looting, and more fighting with the police. The struggle led to their grouping at the Wounded Knee. Wounded Knee was symbolical to the Sioux Indians as this is where in 1890, 300 Indian men, women and children were massacred by authorities fighting for their rights of their ancestral land.Mary participated in spite of being pregnant. She said she was ready to face any consequence if there would be an attack against them. Although the FBI and the federal government tried to stop their protest, their pleas for fair tr ial had not been heard. Riots again broke out which resulted in the killing of two Indians and several people injured including a white man.That same year, Leonard together with three of their members thought of bringing their case to Washington to personally state their grievance. But during Leonard’s absence, Mary’s uncle was murdered. Together with her son Pedro, she went to attend her uncle’s funeral. But on the way to her visit, the police snatched her, put her in prison and took her baby away. Leonard was outraged when he discovered about his wife’s events. He immediately went back from his meeting in Washington with an agreement in his hand and bailed out Mary out of prison.One of the uneventful things that Mary encountered was when she and her husband attended a ceremony for Indian rites in Washington. After the rite and about to go home, they found out that their gas tank was punctured and leaking. Two white men who obviously are the culprit were still there and even laughing at them.Confronting them, they began to attack Leonard, pulling his long hair and pushing him over. The commotion attracted a number of Indians and approached to help. Incidentally, some white men with their baseball bats appeared from nowhere and attacked all the Indians. Mary run to the police car parked nearby but instead of helping them they left and did not intervene. Later, they learned that one of the popular pastimes of these whites was to beat up Indians roaming in their area.Leonard was a decent man and popularly known as a medicine man with no interest in politics. But to the white community, he was an activist, a rebel and a dangerous person especially after his stint at the Wounded Knee. The federal government knew that he has a great influence over all the Indians in the reservation areas and would listen to him. Eventually, a criminal plot was staged against him and the white’s influence in the federal court has led to his arrest. He was jailed with a 200,000 US dollar fine.Mary had no option but to earn this money through public speaking on behalf of her husband’s imprisonment and the need to raise the money. Although money has been raised and he was freed, their house was burned down afterwards and attacks against AIM members resulted in many killings. Until now, their cases have never been investigated (Wolf).Work Cited:Wolf, Dan. â€Å"Lakota Woman.† 2006. http://ericstoller.com/blog/2006/03/30/lakota-woman/.

Models of Corporate Governance

The basis of the model of corporate governance can be identified in their approach to the three dimensions of decision making which are considered as the essence of corporate governance. The decision making is centered round the three basic questions; (a) by whom the decisions are to be made, (b) for whom the decisions are attempted to be made and (c) what are the resources that back up the decision making approaches. The ultimate aim of analyzing the decision making process through these questions is to underpin the agency to whom the accountability is due to be directed[1] This part of the study deals aims to contrast the Islamic corporate governance with the Western approach which is exhibited by at least two models which this paper considers. Governance Framework in Western Perspective The European system of corporate governance encompasses a socially responsive corporation where the shareholders and others are encouraged to exert influence over policies that are being adopted to the extent that they are not in conformity with a socially responsive attitude. Similarly the board members and managers are not discouraged either to follow their view points so that the decisions make the firm a socially responsive one[2]. However such a direct influence over the functioning of the firm is not provided for in all the market systems. For instance in Germany and other countries like Austria and Switzerland the governance is administered by a two tier board consisting of a ‘supervisory board’ and an ‘executive board’. The executive board represents the top management and the members of the supervisory board is composed of outside professionals and in some cases employee representatives just to oversee and discipline the executive board. Even in the case of ‘managed corporation’ model widely prevalent in the United States directors and managers found it worth to take the advise of the institutional shareholders in the conduct of the business of the firm. When this relationship is further expanded it leads to the formation of a ‘stakeholder model’ of corporate governance which protects the interest of all stakeholders.[3] Managed Corporation Model The model of managed corporation answers the question of ‘by whom’. This model is underlined by large public companies with a dispersed shareholding[4]. Under this model managers occupy the central role with the authority to strategy formulation and setting the policies of the company. While the Board takes the responsible of hiring the managers the managers lead the directors and shareholders. The Board is also given the responsibility to monitor the performance of the mangers appointed and remove them in case of unsatisfactory performance. The shareholders’ role is limited to replace the Board in case of poor performance of the company. Thus the scope of corporate governance under this model is limited to the extent of appointing the right managers and controlling their performance. Socially Responsive Corporation Model This model takes the position to answer the question ‘for whom’. This model presupposes the interest of the shareholders as the foremost principle of corporate governance as laid down by the OECD ‘Principles of Corporate Governance’ [5] Thus the concept of shareholder value has been made the yardstick against which the performance of the management need to be measured. This is the practice in the United States, the UK and several other Anglo-Saxon countries and has also been recognised as a matter of prominence in Europe and Japan too. Under this model the institutions view the firms eligible for potential investment in their securities to have a clear market directive to enhance the returns on the existing capital. [6] Accounting and Corporate Governance The process of identifying, measuring and communicating information for facilitating the user to make meaningful decision is provided by accounting. According to Baydoun and Willet (2000) [7] accounting disclosures in ‘managed corporation model’ is often limited to the extent the individuals that control the resources needs the disclosure. However the fact remains that the corporate governance issues can be addressed and explained by detailed financial statements since these issues are normally concentrated on the agencies having a wider financial stake in the entity. This explains the terms with what resources and to whom the accountability is directed. Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The important principles of good corporate governance and the codes of best practice developed during the last decade, imply that directing the companies and controlling them to function according to defined moral standards which are acceptable to the community in general[8]. The principles do not just recognize achieving the economic efficiency or earning maximum profitability as the best practice. According to Mervyn K Lewis (2005)[9] there are two aspects which particularly shape the nature of Islamic corporate governance. The first one is concerned with the Shariah which claims sovereignty over all the aspects of life of any human being. It is so extensive it covers ethical and social issues; and also it talks about civil and criminal jurisdiction. Shariah lays down the principle that every believer of Islam must conform to the basic principles of Islamic Law. Each one of them is expected to observe the ethical standards derived from economic principles irrespective of the status or social position. â€Å"These ethical principles define what is true fair and just, the nature of corporate responsibilities, the priorities to society, along with some specific governance standards† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Secondly, Shariah has also provided some specific Islamic economic and financial principles along with the business ethical standards, which have a larger influence upon the corporate practices and principles. â€Å"Included here are the institution of zak ¥h (the alms tax), the ban on rib ¥ (usury) and the prohibition on speculation, calling for the development of an economic system based on profit and loss sharing† (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). Dimensions of Decision Making and Islamic Perspective of Corporate Governance The three dimensions of decision making with respect to corporate governance under Islamic perspective is answered in the following way: By Whom According to Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) the question of by whom the decisions are to be made the Holy Quran is providing a correct response by promoting mutual consultations and once decision is taken then there has to be a firm belief that it will do good to everyone concerned. He further adds that when the basic principles of Shurd are followed it requires the leaders to encourage others to take part in the process of decision making. Thus consultation is made the key word by Shariah and this implies that â€Å"An employee would be expected to contribute his or her knowledge to the formulation and implementation of the organizational vision, and consultative procedures should be applied to all those affected, i.e. shareholders, suppliers, customers, workers and the community† [10] For Whom Under Islamic perspective of decision making process there is the clear answer to the question as to for whom the decisions are attempted to be made. The answer is that the ultimate end of any business and economic activity that involve the human beings are to be considered as being done to the grace of Allah and the ways and means employed to accomplish the activities should never deviate from the law of Islam as quoted by Shariah in any way (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005). With Whom and to Whom Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) points out that the third requirement for ensuring corporate governance principles in an Islamic perspective involves the process by which an effective religious supervision is undertaken. The objective of this supervision is to ensure that the operations, contracts, and procedures of the enterprise are in conformity with the Islamic code. Algaoud and Lewis (1999)[11] observe that the process covering the religious supervision is explicitly illustrated in the case of Islamic Financial Institutions. In addition the religious auditors provide a comprehensive report on the adherence of the Islamic principles across the full spectrum of the business activities. The religious audit helps to improve the functioning of any corporation towards achieving the Islamic principles by undertaking the following distinct functions: (1)  Ã‚   the religious auditor advises the Board and the top management about the acceptability of the transactions and the contracts proposed to be entered by the firm and also on the development of new products (2)  Ã‚   the second function of the religious auditor is to make a comprehensive report to the shareholders as to the compliance by the management the Islamic principles in the running of the organization and (3)  Ã‚   the audit of the creation of Zakah fund to ensure that the fund is created after a proper assessment of the amount to be contributed and the administration and distribution of the funds are carried out as per the Islamic principles (Mervyn K. Lewis, 2005) Points of Distinction Hanifa and Hudaib (2003) [12] identify the following difficulties that the Islamic perspective of corporate governance face while adopting the best corporate governance practices. (1)  Ã‚   Under the Western approach to the corporate governance the business morality is primarily based on ‘secular humanist’ values governing the ethical foundations of the business while the Islamic perspective of corporate governance follows the principles laid down by shariah as the guiding force (2)  Ã‚   The basic beliefs and values in the Western corporate culture predominantly considers the self interest and even with some modifications there may not be the case that the larger interest of the society will be considered. This is totally against the Islamic principles (3)  Ã‚   Thirdly the Western model of corporate governance is based on agency theory and there is no place for stewardship theory.[13]The basic difference lies in the actors who are agents with a self interested opportunistic approach who can not be motivated to be stewards to act in the best interest of the principals. In the case of Islamic perspective of corporate governance there is no place for self interest of the agents, [1] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [2] Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Association for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [3] Lannoo, K. (1995). Corporate Governance in Europe. CEPS Working Party Report No 12. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. [4]Pound, J. (1995). Ã’The Promise of the Governed CorporationÓ, Harvard Business Review, March-April, reprinted in Corporate Governance (2000), Harvard: Harvard Business School Press. [5] OECD (1999). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD. [6] Lewis, M.K. (2003b). Ã’Globalisation and Corporate GovernanceÓ in M. Shanahan and G. Treuren (eds.), Globalisation: Australian Regional Perspectives. Adelaide:Wakefield Press. [7] Baydoun, N. and Willett, R. (2000). Ã’Islamic Corporate ReportsÓ, ABACUS, 36(1), pp. 71-89. [8] Gooden, S. (2001). Ã’Participation of Stakeholders in the Corporate Governance of Islamic Financial InstitutionsÓ, New Horizon, 114, November, pp.12-15. [9]Mervyn K. Lewis (2005) ‘Islamic Corporate Governance’ International Associ ation for Islamic Economic Review of Islamic Economics Vol. 9 No 1 pp 5 – 29 [10] Baydoun, N.; Mamman, A. and Mohmaud, A. (1999). Ã’The Religious Context of Management Practices: The Case of the Islamic ReligionÓ, Accounting, Commerce &Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 3(1 & 2), pp. 52-79. [11] Algaoud, L. M. and Lewis, M. K. (1999). Ã’Corporate Governance in Islamic Banking: The Case of BahrainÓ, International Journal of Business Studies, 7(1),pp.56-86. [12] Haniffa, R. and Hudaib, M. A. (2002). Ã’A Theoretical Framework for the Development of the Islamic Perspective of AccountingÓ, Accounting, Commerce & Finance: The Islamic Perspective Journal, 6 (1&2), pp. 1-74. [13] Davis, J. H.; Schoorman, F. D. and Donaldson, L. (1997). Ã’Towards a Stewardship Theory of ManagementÓ, Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp. 20-47.

Science of Stars

Stars are well recognized astronomical objects in our solar system and represent building blocks of galaxies. The history and dynamics of a star in a galaxy depends on its age, distribution, and composition. The stars are responsible for elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. A star’s life begins very small, like many more things in the universe. They begin as, apart from anything else, particles in clouds of dust and gas. They remain cold for ages. The disturbance of a comet or other object that moves through the cloud will then make particles collide and clumps will begin to form. Over the course of a million years, clumps will grow into what we call â€Å"protostar† and draw in more gases and grow even hotter. This is how stars are formed and is a point in a star’s life. Astronomers determine composition, color, and temperature of stars and other distant objects with an essential tool called a spectroscopy. Astronomers have used this tool since the 1800’s to analyze emitted light spectra. When a star gives off light and the light splits by prism, the spectral pattern reflects a star’s composition. All stars are 95% hydrogen, so the variations in composition reveal its age, luminosity, and origin. Composition of gases can be determined by observing the light of a star. Astronomers can determine the temperature of a star from its color and its spectrum. All stars have different colors. They have different colors due to its light radiation. There are a few different ways astronomers can determine a star’s temperature. One way is to measure a star’s color. They use three filters that transmit light in three different wavelength ranges. Astronomers then take the intensity ratio of the light. Another way to determine the temperature of a star is to examine the spectral lines in the starlight. Science of Stars3 Astronomers also use a tool called the electromagnetic spectrum to determine the composition, temperature, speed, and rotation rate of stars and other distant objects. Rotation rates are measured by using telescopes or space probes. Astronomers pick a particular feature on an object and then determine how long the feature takes to move from one side to the other side. For an example, the Sun has a rotation rate of about 25 days. One planet in our solar system that is difficult for astronomers to observe rotation rate is Earth. That is because we live on Earth and rotate with it. As stars progress through their lives they move around in the H-R diagram since their properties change over a period of time. In the H-R diagram it plots luminosity, spectral type, and also temperature. If a star is plotted higher up on the diagram on the vertical plane, this means that the stars are brighter. If a star is plotted in the horizontal plane to the left, this means that these stars are the hottest. Stars spend most of their lifetime in what is known as the main sequence in the H-R diagram. In this phase of a star’s life, they burn hydrogen into helium. Also at this point, the star’s size and luminosity remain constant because their forces have reached a near-equilibrium. Stars will remain in the main sequence until they reach a certain mass. Stars that are called supergiants in the H-R diagram and lie along the top right are luminous and cool. The stars that are called white dwarfs and are plotted at the bottom left of the diagram are fainter, hotter stars. The red giant stars are the stars of great luminosity and size. They form a thick horizontal band that joins the main sequence. All the stars on the H-R diagram are plotted by their color horizontally and their luminosity vertically. All the colors are coded from O (blue), B (blue), A (blue-white), F (white), G (yellow), K (orange), and M (red). Science of Stars4 In the center of our solar system lies a star called â€Å"the Sun†. Its color is white, but appears to us on Earth as yellow and is considered a main sequence star. The life cycle of the Sun, just like any other star starts with a cloud of gas and dust composed mainly of hydrogen collapses under gravitational forces. It was formed about 4. 5 billion years ago determined by scientists using the Sun’s current main sequence age. Right now, the Sun is believed to be about halfway through its main sequence evolution. The Sun should spend about 10 billion years as a main sequence star. It will enter the red giant stage in about 5 billion years. By the time it reaches to be a giant star stage, the Sun will have lost about 30% of its mass due to a stellar wind. The orbits of the planets will move outward then. Eventually our Earth will be swallowed by the Sun. The Sun living in the main sequence is gradually becoming more luminous and its temperature is slowly rising. After the red giant stage, the Sun’s outer layers will be thrown off. It will cool and fade into the white dwarf stage. As of right now, the Sun’s life cycle is the main sequence stage. It is considered middle aged at 4. 5 billion years old. The Sun is currently fusing hydrogen in its core and has been for the last 5,000 million years, and it is expected to continue fusing hydrogen for at least another 4,000 million years. The main sequence stage is the longest and most stable phase of its existence and this stage lasts about 10 billion years for a star. The main sequence is also the first stage of a star after becoming a star, right after the protostar stage. The following stage after the main sequence stage would be the red giant stage. I have now discussed in this paper how astronomers determine composition, temperature, speed, and rotation rate of distant objects. I explained the properties of the stars in the H-R Science of Stars5 diagram, summarized the life cycle of the Sun, and also stated where the Sun is currently in its life cycle.

Compare curanderismo, espiritualismo, with Afro-Caribbean Santeria, Essay

Compare curanderismo, espiritualismo, with Afro-Caribbean Santeria, Pentecostalism - Essay Example Moreover, there are several objects that are used by the practitioners. They include the holy water, crucifixes, lemons, eggs, candles, saints, incense, candles, spices, eggs, limes, and oils. Evidently, curanderismo originated from the Mexican culture following its colonization by Mexico. It derives its meaning from the word curar which is Spanish for ‘to heal.’ Incidentally, curanderismo is a combination of the indigenous Latin American folk medicine and Catholicism. Presently, curanderismo is practiced in a number of Latin American countries and also in the United States. To this end, it has retained its popularity among certain Mexican-American people as an alternative mode of medicine. Its popularity is largely due to the belief that it offers spiritual alleviation from ailments that are beyond conventional medicine. Espiritualismo involves the practice of spiritualism. Evidently its practice is based on the belief that the spirit world can offer intervention within the human world. To this end, it is practised by a majority of Caribbean’s and also by some citizens from Latin America. However, it is different from Santeria since there are rituals c haracterized by animal sacrifices. Espiritualismo is further regarded as a philosophical movement that is based on reverence to God and the soul, the spiritual and moral principles, and the immortality of being. Moreover, espiritualismo believes in reincarnation, survival ideals of the soul, and the relation between the disembodied and embodied. The general principles of espiritualismo include the belief in God, his helpers and angels; spiritual adoration and worship; the original root of religion and other manifestations of religion; and the divine reverence of the Great Spirit known as ‘God.’ Moreover, mineral, plants, oils, prayers, trees, candles, flowers, and music equally play a pertinent role in the belief of espiritualismo. Evidently, the doctrines of espiritualismo espouse that when a person is born, he or she is a constituent of two bodies. The first body is the physical and visible entity which is earthly and temporary. The second body is the spiritual entity which is eternal and invisible. Furthermore, after death the physical body ceases to exist but the spiritual body continues in an eternal existence under the control of God. On the other hand, Santeria is a combination of religious beliefs and traditions that constitutes a similar African traditional religion. Evidently, its origin can be traced back to Brazil and Cuba. It is characterized by a combination of the worship elements of Catholicism and the traditional Yoruba faith. The Santeria religion is based on creating relationships between the human beings and mortal spirits which are powerful and known as the Orishas. Evidently, the Orisha is a reflection of the god also known as Olodumare. In this regard, the adherents of Santeria believed that the spirits provided them with the gift of life when they performed satisfactory rituals. This consequently enabled them to be blessed with the destiny bestowed upon them before their birth. Interestingly, the Santeria religion exhibits a relation with the Roman Catholic church through the association between Orishas and the Catholic Saints. For example, Our Lady of Charity was known as Ochun in the Santeria religion. She is the Yoruba goddess in charge of the river. The goddess was equally associated with love, sweets, water, love and yellow. Saint Lazarus was the alternate version of Babalu-Aye in Santeria religion.

Equality and Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equality and Rights - Assignment Example This leads us to respond to the second question regarding which one between rights and equality comes first. From the foregoing description of equality, human rights can be said to enshrine the very tenets of equality. In other words, recognition of equality comes first before declaration of human rights laws to embrace and protect the recognized equality (Vandenhole 52). From a global angle, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and many related intolerance that have confronted many nations can thus be said to have been due to lack of provision and recognition of the existing equal opportunity for growth (Vandenhole 78). However, the preservation of rights is important since by protecting human rights, human equality and other factors that relate to human relationships and coexistence are also protected constitutionally (Vandenhole 83). Based on the earlier argument, for this reason, when asked as to whether the UN declaration was aimed at protecting human rights or equality? One would be quick to concede the argument presented by Vandenhole (123) that the declaration’s objective was to protect the human right. This is because by protecting the human rights, the declaration would protect within its protective claws the equality of every individual under its umbrella. The declaration was thus intended to embrace the nation’s civil rights and subsequently see to it that disparate unequal treatment of individuals especially in criminal justice systems across the globe ceases to be (Vandenhole 176). However, regressing to the lifestyle led by the founding fathers of the declaration, an opposite of the declaration comes into a picture. The founders were far from achieving a complete equality neither did they give equal opportunity to people different from their own (Vandenhole

Neil DeGrasse Tyson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Neil DeGrasse Tyson - Essay Example His passion and advocacy for science is evident in all his undertakings. Technically, Neil deGrasse Tyson is an astrophysicist, and a science communicator regularly seen as the host of special science occasions. The scientific community has heaped numerous academic and honorary degrees to this 56-year-old Tyson. When we talk about Neil deGrasse Tyson, we are talking about a hardcore scientist and a prime-time badass scientist. Neil deGrasse Tyson was born in October 1958, in Manhattan, New York City, United States of America. His father, Cyril deGrasse Tyson, was a sociologist while his mother, Sunchita Feliciano, was a gerontologist. At the age of nine, Neil visited the Hayden Planetarium, the largest planetarium in the world. After returning from his visit, Neil developed an enhanced passion for astronomy. He attended Bronx High School of Science and actively participated in writing and editing the school’s physical sciences magazine (Marne, 19). Neil possessed not only a great passion for astronomy but he was also an excellent communicator. Surprisingly, he had started giving astronomy lectures at the age of fifteen. In the midst of his teenage lectures, Neil deGrasse Tyson was discovered by the iconic astrophysicist Dr. Carl Sagan. Sagan invited him to join an undergraduate degree program at Cornell University but Neil opted to pursue his degree at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1980 with a Bachelor of Arts in Physics (Marne, 25). After receiving the Bachelor’s degree, Neil deGrasse Tyson became distracted by extracurricular activities like wrestling and dancing. Three years later, Neil proceeded to earn the Master of Arts in Astronomy and Master of Philosophy in Astrophysics from the University of Texas and Colombia University respectively and finally received a PhD of Astrophysics in 1991. Technically, Neil deGrasse Tyson completed his academic journey in 1991, and commenced his career in science. In 1992, Neil

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years Essay

Australia's Economy Over The Last Two Years - Essay Example In Australia, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia play a major role in the country’s economics, as these determine the macroeconomic policies in the country. According to the International Labour Organization (2013), a microeconomic policy that is aimed at achieving economic stability in a country, is a paramount condition for the achievement and sustenance of high levels of development tin a country. Nonetheless, this part of the essay explores the main macroeconomic policies used by the Australian Government and the Reserve Bank of Australia over the last two years. There are two core macroeconomic policies, which a country can use, and these include the monetary and the fiscal policy. Nonetheless, the Australian government and the Reserve Bank of Australia have in the past two years, used these to control the economy. Fiscal policy in Australia includes the level and composition of government revenues and outlays, methods of financing a budget defici t or using a budget surplus, the operation of automatic and discretionary stabilizers, and the provision of incentives to increase aggregate supply. According to Parkinson (2012), a major function of Australia’s fiscal policy is to ensure the maintenance of fiscal sustainability from a medium-term perspective. Parkinson (2012) also notes that monetary policy in Australia has the main purpose of maintaining inflation between 2 and 3 percent. The monetary policy in Australia has to do with the Reserve Bank of Australia interest rate, as well as the exchange rate policies, and transmission mechanisms. This serves to anchor inflation expectations, and has the responsibility of managing demand. This is with the aim of ensuring that the country’s economy remains on a stable path of growth, and maintains a low rate of inflation. Therefore, monetary policy and fiscal policy, as well as exchange rate, are three core aspects of Australia’s macroeconomic framework, which h ave been extremely important for the past two years, as these have provided a great level of flexibility for the country to deal with economic shocks that it experiences from time to time. Parkinson (2012) notes that the Australian macroeconomic policy framework is an asset and an endowment to the country, as it forms a core part of the country’s productive base. Nonetheless, for the past two years, these have been effective in ensuring that Australia addresses its economic problems, and the Australian government achieves its economic objectives. The Reserve Bank of Australia deals with all the issues pertaining the monetary policy. Nonetheless, a major aspect of the monetary policy, which the Reserve Bank of Australia utilizes is the interest rate. This interest rate influences differently other interest rates in the economy, so that the borrowers and lenders in the money markets come under the influence of the monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of Australia controls the inte rest rates in a manner that will ensure that the objectives of the Reserve Bank Act 1959 are attained. These include, and are not limited to ensuring a stable currency of the country, preventing unemployment, boosting living standards of citizens, and ensuring economic empowerment of the people (Reserve Bank of Australia 2013). In order to ease or loosen bonds, the Reserve Bank of Australia would buy bonds in order to create excess liquidity, putting downward pressure on interest rates, allowing increased consumer and investment spending, and finally lower the rate of unemployment. Similarly, when there is a possibility of the rate of inflation to increase, the Reserve Bank

American Muslims in the United States Research Paper

American Muslims in the United States - Research Paper Example This means the rest of the population could be Muslims on temporary visits and residence in the country. In as much as this diversity has an aesthete, a deeper scrutiny reveals It is essential to highlight of the notable factors that have influenced movements of Muslims from the Middle East to the US. To begin with, Arabs, as Muslims, have pursued education in the Western countries. This thrives on the belief that the Western countries have better educational structures and systems than home countries. In addition, economic incentives such as job opportunities and a dynamic investment platform attracted the Arabs. Emigration could also be explained by the wars and instability in the Middle East. The core character of this migration has majorly contributed towards the misconception of Muslims. To begin with, a common stereotype describes Muslims as only Arabs (Sirin and Fine 198). This belief ignores the fact that the Muslim community is a culturally diverse population. For instance, there are South Asians, Arabs, and African Americans in the Muslim community. Indeed, around 60% of US born Muslims are African Americans (Bayor 19). In spite of the excessive illuminated attention towards the Arab Muslims, African American Muslims have existed since the days of civil rights movement. Malcolm X, an activist for African Americans’ right, is one of the most conspicuous of this outfit (Abdullah 11). In addition, these groups have diverse styles of worship that are unique to their unique ethnic identity. It is crucial to highlight that the stereotype and misconceptions about Muslims is largely a media and commercial-driven phenomenon. Americans mostly drive their preconceptions and misconceptions from the films and commercials that portray Muslims in give ways. To begin with, films and commercials significantly portray Arabs as Muslims and portray

Discuss issues in accounting measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Discuss issues in accounting measurement - Essay Example izations in making their financial statements among other things, they are viewed as problematic because most of them have to be derived (Neely, 2007, pg. 98). An analysis done with regards to the International accounting Standard Board shows that the use of fair measurement base in financial accounting is likely to increase. The increase of using the fair value as a measurement best will help in the transformation of the way assets including intangible assets and liabilities are measured. Financial accounting measurements are recorded at historical or adjusted cost to the market values through adjusting entries. Management accounting uses measurements to help in calculating the number of labour hours needed or the cost of materials used to produce goods and services. When determining management accounting measurements accountants use special cost allocation methods such as standard costing, job process costing or Activity-based costing. There is no specific method that is used by accountants as the measurements depend on the entity and how they conduct their business. Therefore, accountants determine the best accounting measurement method by identifying and reviewing each production procedure and breaking down the procedures into allocation drivers. Measurement accounting is a continuous or never ending process make it relevant in accounting for its users because each day there are new standards that are set by the ISAFB and FASB. Additionally, it is an evolutionary process because different bodies use different practices in the world for their external financial reporting. By so doing, they use different approaches to measurements in that, different jurisdictions have developed their financial reporting requirements that are influenced by the differences in the uses made for financial reporting information found in regulation and business environments. Measurement accounts evolve even within one jurisdiction because different approaches are adopted by

BREEAM scoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BREEAM scoring - Essay Example â€Å"It includes assessment in nine different categories: Management, Health and Well-being, Energy, Transport, Water, Materials and Waste, Land use and Ecology, Pollution, Innovation.† (Stubbins 2010) This rating system emphasizes on the use of environmental friendly building material and focuses on the material and procedure used and adapted that cause the least harm to the environment. â€Å"BREEAM made major changes to the system, including introducing new environmental weightings, mandatory credits and the two stage certification process, design stage and post-construction.† (Yudelson 2009) The University of Glamorgan holds a prestigious place in the field of education. Located in the South Wales it has three campuses catering to the local and international students with fields from all over the world. Its accommodation is rated as one of the best in terms of residency and facilities. The BREEAM rating for the University’s halls have always been over and above the pass rating. The old Glamorgan halls have always scored in terms of the management, health services, energy conservation and minimum pollution. However the newer halls of the university are more technological oriented and have a better rating in terms of their BREEAM score. The University is currently introducing its carbon reduction at its residential projects which will help reduce pollution. The accommodation planning at Glamorgan use ideas of energy conservation and material usage in order to implement and adhere to the environmental friendly regulations issued by the BRE. The accommodation uses au tomatic power shutdown in order to avoid unnecessary usage of electricity. However, apart from the University’s eagerness to adhere to the BREEAM scoring and have sound BREEAM rating there are still some issues that need to be addressed. In terms of its environmental policy, there is a lacking of the community involvement resulting in the inefficient management of water and waste. The University

Actions Speak Louder Than Words Essay Example for Free

Actions Speak Louder Than Words Essay A gossip between a passenger and Software Engineer in Shatabdi Train ..An interesting and a must read! Actions may not actually speak louder than words but they do prove things better. Like the saying, A picture is worth a thousand words. an action shows that someone is genuine. Someone may say that they will help the hungry people of the world, but when they actually get out there and feed them, we believe it. Here is an example: If you say you are going to donate a million dollars to a school then that is all good and well, but if you actually do it (the action) then it will make much more of an impact that just saying it. Basically it means that you have to walk the walk not just talk the talk. Vivek Pradhan was not a happy man.. Even the plush comfort of the air-conditioned compartment of the Shatabdi express could not cool his frayed nerves. He was the Project Manager and still not entitled to air travel. It was not the prestige he sought, he had tried to reason with the admin person, it was the savings in time. As PM, he had so many things to do!! He opened his case and took out the laptop, determined to put the time to some good use. Are you from the software industry sir? the man beside him was staring appreciatively at the laptop. Vivek glanced briefly and mumbled in affirmation, handling the laptop now with exaggerated care and importance as if it were an expensive car. You people have brought so much advancement to the country, Sir. Today everything is getting computerized. Thanks, smiled Vivek, turning around to give the man a look. He always found it difficult to resist appreciation. The man was young and stockily built like a sportsman.. He looked simple and strangely out of place in that little lap of luxury like a small town boy in a prep school. He probably was a railway sportsman making the most of his free traveling pass. You people always amaze me, the man continued, You sit in an office and write something on a computer and it does so many big things outside. Vivek smiled deprecatingly. Naiveness demanded reasoning not anger. It is not as simple as that my friend. It is not just a question of writing a few lines. There is a lot of process that goes behind it. For a moment, he was tempted to explain the entire Software Development Lifecycle but restrained himself to a single statement. It is complex, very complex. It has to be. No wonder you people are so highly paid, came the reply. This was not turning out as Vivek had thought. A hint of belligerence crept into his so far affable, persuasive tone. Everyone just sees the money. No one sees the amount of hard work we have to put in. Indians have such a narrow concept of hard work. Just because we sit in an air-conditioned office, does not mean our brows do not sweat. You exercise the muscle; we exercise the mind and believe me that is no less taxing. He could see, he had the man where he wanted, and it was time to drive home the point. Let me give you an example. Take this train. The entire railway reservation system is computerized. You can book a train ticket between any two stations from any of the hundreds of computerized booking centers across the country. Thousands of transactions accessing a single database, at a time concurrently; data integrity, locking, data security. Do you understand the complexity in designing and coding such a system? The man was awestruck; quite like a child at a planetarium. This was something big and beyond his imagination. You design and code such things? I used to, Vivek paused for effect, but now I am the Project Manager. Oh! sighed the man, as if the storm had passed over, so your life is easy now. This was like the last straw for Vivek. He retorted, Oh come on, does life ever get easy as you go up the ladder. Responsibility only brings more work. Design and coding! That is the easier part. Now I do not do it, but I am responsible for it and believe me, that is far more stressful. My job is to get the work done in time and with the highest quality. To tell you about the pressures, there is the customer at one end, always changing his requirements, the user at the other, wanting something else, and your boss, always expecting you to have finished it yesterday. Vivek paused in his diatribe, his belligerence fading with self-realization. What he had said, was not merely the outburst of a wronged man, it was the truth. And one need not get angry while defending the truth. My friend, he concluded triumphantly, you dont know what it is to be in the Line of Fire. The man sat back in his chair, his eyes closed as if in realization. When he spoke after sometime, it was with a calm certainty that surprised Vivek. I know sir,.. I know what it is to be in the Line of Fire He was staring blankly, as if no passenger, no train existed, just a vast expanse of time. There were 30 of us when we were ordered to capture Point 4875 in the cover of the night. The enemy was firing from the top. There was no knowing where the next bullet was going to come from and for whom. In the morning when we finally hoisted the tri-colour at the top only 4 of us were alive. You are a? I am Subedar Sushant from the 13 JK Rifles on duty at Peak 4875 in Kargil. They tell me I have completed my term and can opt for a soft assignment. But, tell me sir, can one give up duty just because it makes life easier? On the dawn of that capture, one of my colleagues lay injured in the snow, open to enemy fire while we were hiding behind a bunker. It was my job to go and fetch that soldier to safety. But my captain sahib refused me permission and went ahead himself. He said that the first pledge he had taken as a Gentleman Cadet was to put the safety and welfare of the nation foremost followed by the safety and welfare of the men he commanded .his own personal safety came last, always and every time. He was killed as he shielded and brought that injured soldier into the bunker.. Every morning thereafter, as we stood guard, I could see him taking all those bullets, which were actually meant for me . I know sir.I know, what it is to be in the Line of Fire. Vivek looked at him in disbelief not sure of how to respond. Abruptly, he switched off the laptop. It seemed trivial, even insulting to edit a Word document in the presence of a man for whom valour and duty was a daily part of life; valour and sense of duty which he had so far attributed only to epical heroes. The train slowed down as it pulled into the station, and Subedar Sushant picked up his bags to alight. It was nice meeting you sir. Vivek fumbled with the handshake. This hand had climbed mountains, pressed the trigger, and hoisted the tri-colour. Suddenly, as if by impulse, he stood up at attention and his right hand went up in an impromptu salute. It was the least he felt he could do for the country. PS: The incident he narrated during the capture of Peak 4875 is a true-life incident during the Kargil war. Capt. Batra sacrificed his life while trying to save one of the men he commanded, as victory was within sight. For this and various other acts of bravery, he was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, the nations highest military award. Live humbly, there are great people around us, let us learn! BE POLITE EVERYONE U MEET IS FIGHTING A HARD BATTLE!

Childrens literature Essay Example for Free

Childrens literature Essay Child development was broken down into four theories. These theories focused on intellectual and cognitive development as well as social development and moral judgment development. Theoretical models can be applied to children’s literature by different kinds of books. Children in the younger ages enjoy books like Dr. Seuss the cat in the hat or The Bernstein bears books that focus on things like right from wrong and education. Children learn from these kinds of books at a young age and the books can be related to their lives. As children get older books become more meaningful and become something they can relate to. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is the book I chose, because I felt like it was well known and something children could connect to and enjoy. The story of Harry Potter can be related to by many children. The trials the he faces as a boy living with his aunt and uncle in the â€Å"non-magic† world can be understood by some who have encountered the same things. He was unappreciated, bullied, made fun of, and treated unfairly just because he was unliked. On his eleventh birthday he finds out that he is actually a wizard and there is a school for kids just like him. His parents, who were killed when he was a baby, were also magic people, and he was excited to be able to learn about them. At the school, Hogwarts, he is befriended by two people who truly become his best friends and family, and he is finally happy to know there are people who care about him. I think this book can be related to Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Development. Piaget’s cognitive theory of development was outlined into four periods of intelligent development. The sensorimotor period, the preoperational period, the period of concrete operations, and period of formal operations. The period of formal operations hits right at the age group that the Harry Potter series was intended for. This period occurs between the ages of eleven and fifteen when young people begin to use formal logic, engage in a true exchange of ideas, comprehend the viewpoints of others, and understand what it means to live in society. Most readers of this stage have entered adolescence and are ready for more mature topics. I think that this theory applies to this book as kids can relate to Harry’s life with the Dursley’s and the world he is living in. After finding out he is a wizard they can also relate to all the situations he will face while  there at Hogwarts. Children can use their imagination to take them away into their own world where they can get away from reality even for a moment. As far as the book itself goes, literary criticism is meant to interpret the meaning of literature. I believe this book is approached by formal criticism. Formal criticism focuses on the work itself rather than the literary history of the book. When I read this book I am not worried about the author and her life or anything about the literature. I am focused on the action and story itself and the suspense it brings to its readers. I found this criticism part of the paper a little more challenging, but I agree with my decision as I did not think that any of the others fit. There is much that children and even adults can learn from reading books. There are books for children ages zero to three that focus mainly on shapes, colors, animals, and numbers. There are books for younger children up until age ten that are about little girls or boys and their adventures that they go on with their imaginary friends. Books about friendship and forgiveness that teach children to be kind and considerate of others as well as unselfish and giving. Books for ages eleven to fifteen that focus on life as a teenager when your mother or father does not understand you and you are desperately trying to figure out who you are. Books that can teach compassion and loyalty to family and friends and just overall make you imagine worlds you could have never dreamed of. Finally to the ages of sixteen to nineteen when you are googling over that boy or girl you so wish would notice you or even if you are interested in the fantasy world of dragons and wizards, there is a book out there that can teach every one of us something about ourselves. Books are out there to teach us new things and take us places we never knew we could go. It is all about actually reading what the author has to say and listening. For me reading was a way of life and something that made me who I am today. I encourage reading for everyone and I hope that my son is as passionate about reading as I am. References Russell D. L. (2008) Pearson education, Ch. 2: The Study of Childhood: pg. 1 The Discover of Childhood. Russell D. L. (2008) Pearson education, Ch. 3: The Study of Literature; para. 20 Literary Criticism.

Quality Television And A Examination Of The Simpsons Media Essay

Quality Television And A Examination Of The Simpsons Media Essay There is a common assumption relating to quality television, which has been known for its common approach and vague forms of interpretation. Quality television, from the 1950s, was generally associated with public television networks, which are government-controlled and funded. With the development of cable network in the 1980s and 1990s, American cable networks, such as HBO have made a variety of television shows that are mostly refer to as quality television, such as, The Wire, Oz, Sex and The City and The Sopranos, etc. It describes a style of television programme that is of a better quality, because of its subject matter, style, or content and: may be perceived as being good for its viewers morally or educationally edifying but it may still be experienced as worthy, dull, conventional or pretentious. (McCabe, Akass, p.21) Quite a number of television programs are labelled as being of a higher quality, and one has to take into account a number of individual considerations and educated guess. Kristin Thompsons alleges that quality television programs include: a quality pedigree, a large ensemble cast, a series memory, creation of a new genre through recombination of older ones, self-consciousness, and pronounced tendencies toward the controversial and the realistic. (Cited in Wilcox, Lavery). An American non-profit organisation, The Viewers for Quality Television (VQT) also offers its own classification in regard to what quality television is: A quality series enlightens, enriches, challenges, involves, and confronts. It dares to take risks, its honest and illuminating, and it appeals to the intellect and touches the emotions. It requires concentration and attention, and it provokes thought. Characterization is explored. And usually a quality comedy will touch the funny bone and the heart. (McCabe, Akass. p.41) A writer puts it this way that: quality is not what is produced, but what it produces. The Simpsons, an American animated series was created by Matt Groening and produced by Gracie Films for Twentieth Century Fox and the FOX Broadcasting Network. The show was first aired in December of 1989, becoming the first animated series on prime-time television since the 1960s. The Simpsons was initially created as a series of animated shorts, and then emerging as part of The Tracey Ullman Show around April 1987, and after a three-season run the show was developed into a half-hour prime time show, and premiered as a series on the 17th of December 1989 on the FOX TV Sunday program, gaining the 08:00 p.m. time slot. The series became an early success for FOX TV, and as a result becoming FOX TVs first series to climb to the Top 30 ratings in a season of 1989-1990. From the time when it first appeared in December 1989, the show has broadcast a total of 454 episodes. The Simpsons twenty-first season began airing on FOX TV in September 2009, which confirmed The Simpsons as the longest-running American prime-time television series, displacing Gunsmoke for that qualification. A feature length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in cinemas worldwide on 26th July and 27th July, 2007, and earned around 527dollars. The Simpsons at the outset challenged typical television programming and was the specific most significant program in ascertaining FOX TV as a valid broadcast television network. The Simpsons has won numerous awards since its first appearance as a series, including 26 Annie Awards, a Peabody Award and 25 Primetime Emmy Awards. The series was named by Time magazine issue of 31st December, 1999 as the best television series of the 20th centurys, and on 14th January, 2000 the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons has, furthermore, influenced various adult-oriented animated dramas. The series has turned out to be the first successful animated program in prime time since Wait Till Your Father Gets Home in the 1970s. In the 1980s, animated shows were regarded as suitable just for children. Furthermore, creating animated show was considered too costly to attain the kind of quality acceptable for prime-time television but The Simpsons completely changed this perception. Taking advantage of the Korean animation studios for filming, editing and colouring made the series cheaper. This brought about lower production costs and the success of The Simpsons motivated television networks to examine the prospects of its success, which led to taking chances on various animated series. This development led to a 1990s explosion in new animated prime-time shows, such as Beavies and Butthead, Family Guy, King of the Hill, South Park, The Critic and Futurama. The Simpsons helped in creating an audience for prime-time animation that had been nonexistent for several years. Many diff erent items have been developed over the years based upon this long running series. Video games of various types, collection of wide-ranging consoles, and a game Arcade have also been developed to compliment the series. The Simpsons centres on a nuclear family which lives in a make-believe town of Springfield. The animated series has cut across lines as it satires the diverse American culture while also influencing a broad range of social issues such as religion, sexuality, politics, advertisements, print media, entertainment industry and even technological advances. While they do not share certain qualities with past television families such as the Bundys, the Cosbys etc, the examination of their personalities somewhat make a distinction. Something familiar with the series is the common subject matter in Springfield, yet time progresses alongside as well. In contrast to real life shows, there appears to be lack of difficulty to keep them at that age yet there is more of modernised technology progressing along with the times. The use of satire and humour that characterised The Simpsons operates on many levels and suggests various interests depending on the age or gender of the audience. Men could re late to Homer Simpson and his continuous daily battles with insufficient money and the job he dislikes, while females could identify with Marge and her efforts in trying to keep the family unit together and working correctly. Some children would love to imitate Bart Simpsons naughty behaviour and appreciate Lisas academic talent, and also the way they interact with one another as a kind of love-hate combination. .Homer J Simpson, the head of the family, is a lovable semi- intelligent father with a number of personal hygiene problems; though this description rather says the opposite to the true genius of the man. Beneath this overweight figure lies the heartbeat of a man who always endeavours to help his family, friends, and his boss to a certain level of success, and ultimately ends up with the adoration and love of his children and wife. A very devoted but awkward character, he works as safety inspector at the comically but risky nuclear power plant. This, basically to him is an unimportant job, but one that he neither likes nor dislike, but is resigned to, or perhaps even contented with. Homer Simpsons wife, Merge, proves to be an enduring and devoted woman, who runs the family home, caring for her children and husband like classical American housewife and mother, representing a form of decency and respectability. This does not mean that Merge has never worked outside of the home environment; a short period as a police officer gave her some experience of the gloomy side of the shortcomings of Springfield, and teaching at Barts and Lisas school, Springfield elementary, almost certainly did the same. She serves as a church warden and a franchise holder but always return to her role as wife and mother, which is a welcome relief for the clan as they constantly need her sound judgment and support to keep them out of trouble. In contrast to other family sitcoms, Merge is characterised as more intelligent than her husband, but in accordance with other forbearing programs, she never maintains herself to be even though she is most times right. Merge Simpsons decent uneasiness is a frequent periodic subject matter, and determining the behaviours of the family members and towns people through ethical issues is a frequent incident. The Son, Bartholomew J Simpson is a ten year old troublemaker. Emerging as a type of anti-cultural symbol that he was, he is at school an underachiever much to the annoyance of his teachers and the schools principal. He never fails to irritate everyone; his parents, sister and teachers with dirty pranks ranging from flushing a cherry bomb down the schools toilet to painting the lines in the teachers parking bay nearer together so the teachers would not be able to get out of their cars. Bart Simpsons refused to see life the way adults dictate he should, consequently exposing his rebellion and audacity to typical wisdom. He is often ignored, as people see him as a naughty child, and a failure, who is not hindered but is somehow proud of it. He knew that those who assume controls do not always know all the answers. This very often enables him to point out those things others do not see, consequently becoming a means of expressing and ridiculing peoples blindness towards unfairness, prej udice, discrimination and inconsistency in the world. Bart was perhaps unquestionably the favourite when the show began, but Homer is the main leading icon of the show. Lisa Simpson is a totally different character from Bart. She is the brainpower of the family. Although this is noticeable, her remarkable and exciting personality goes unrewarded. She is, for all practical proposes, a perfect child who frequently reveals thoughtfulness that disagrees with her age. Added to her cleverness, she is a kind, gifted and charming personality, who due to escaping peoples great expectation of her, is able to point out shortcomings in the Springfields society; something the adults would not have been able or failed to do. One would have loved to see grownups discover inequalities and injustices in communities, instead of an eight year old girl. This makes the social interpretation of The Simpsons more significant, as this uses the sincerity and openness of Lisa Simpson to point out adults refusal and failure to confront deceit and corruption in the society. Despite the fact that Bart and Lisa are two completely different characters, by acting as a kind of coll ective interpreters, they are well-placed within the usual practice of using children in series like this to prompt those audiences who despises the political structure and the general publics established interpretation. The speaking roles of these the two children is an indication that they know far more about true life, popular culture and everyday life issues than their parents. Maggie Simpson, the final member of the family, is the youngest child who has advanced unsteadily throughout the eight year run of the series. Being very conscious of her environment, she can be seen emulating the course of action surrounding her. As a non talking toddler, she never get into much trouble and She has carried out quite a number of adventures that suggest she is a very smart toddler; once running away from the Springfield day-care centre, using her baby blocks to spell out E MC, driving her fathers car, and writing her name on a board. She also shows some astonishing ability; shooting a dart at a picture of Homer in imitating Itchy and Scratchy and hitting him on the head with a mallet. Notwithstanding her age, she proves to be an amazing sharp shooter, as depicted in Who Shot Mr. Burns?, where she shots Mr. Burns with a handgun that falls into her hands by mistake, and in Papas Got a Brand New Badge, she was able to shoot a group of hoodlums in quick flow with a rifle that it seems has been hidden in her room. Maggie is usually upset and annoyed by Homers attempts to bond with her, but have on quite a numbers of time step in to save him instead: once from sinking, once from being shot by hoodlums, once from being kidnapped by a tow truck driver. The writer of Television Second Golden Age: From Hill Street Blues to ER, Robert J Thompson, presents some essentials of what quality television program represent, pointing out several reasons to suggest all that quality television stands for. In examining some criterion of what quality television in regards to The Simpsons, the first condition of a quality television program, according to Thompson, is that it is not a regular TV, and as such must break the traditional rules of television and be like nothing ever appearing before it. This became apparent in The Simpsons use of humour in its presentation as it does not make use of recorded laugh track to prompt the viewers to hilarity when it is being humorous; thereby engaging and inviting viewers to individually choose the lines and actions they think are amusing, based on their own individual awareness of popular culture and experiences. This is in sharp contrast to most hilarious shows on television, where the use of laugh track t o prompt viewers to laugh is most common. The series also succeeded in encouraging its viewers active consumption. Nothing is ever closely guarded with The Simpsons, as it ridicules talk shows, meaningless advertisements, and biased news stories appearing on their own television; and also revealing the insincerity of the educational system, judicial systems, religious establishment, the medical profession and the political institutions. The series ability to entertain and at the same time revealing several things the audience could not have observed in general, leaves us to claim a status of quality to it. Through its clever use of pastiche, this program has called attention to the flaws and hypocrisies of such sacred institutions as government, organised religion, and the health care systems. (John, p.63) Herein lies the beauty of The Simpsons; its not afraid to cause upsets if the story demands it. The Simpsons covers scores of sensitive social issues including the corruptions in the legal and political systems, the powerful elites in the society, moral decay in the society, violence, the crumbling educational system, media prejudice and the problems of the elderly. Quite a number of shows may have touched on these themes but none have accommodated, disguised and covered them with sense of humour as The Simpsons. Another decisive factor of quality TV is that it tends to attract an exclusive audience. Programs that were once proven to be unpopular and rejected with the elites are now accepted by urban, high-class, well-educated and young viewers. In its first two months that the series premiered in 1990, it climbed to top 15 into Nielsens ratings, which is a remarkable achievement, when one take into account that the FOX network could just about reach only 80 percent of household at that time. The Simpsons not only ranked among the top 10 among the young, it also, in addition drew a load of grown-ups. One of several reasons why the series scores so high with the young audience by Newsweeks Harry Walters is that: it shamelessly panders to a kids eye view of the world: parents dispenses dopey advice, school is a drag and happiness can be attained by subverting the system.(Walters, The shows appeals to grown-ups is as a result of watching and developing a soft spot for series like The Flintstones, or The Jetsons, which were the last cartoon families to make it on prime-time television. These programs were full of mature satire which only adults could fully understand. The show appeals to the kids who like cartoons, to intellectuals who like satire and to thugs who like troublemaking here (Hughes). The series meets the requirements for quality television as it is successful in acquiring remarkable demographics. In explaining the shows appeal to diverse audience, Groening asserted that they were not writing for kids, but for adults, describing the kind of family entertainment The Simpson offered: I like to think its something thats going to be family entertainment to new sense. Its going to offer something for every member of the family, depending on whatever level they are going to meet the show. Adults are going to enjoy the witty dialogue and the funny story turns and kids are going to enjoy some of the wild sight gags (quoted in Clark) Even if they were at the initial stages aiming for only the adult audience, the show ends up picking up the children along the way without much effort. Quality television is also defined to challenge genre categorisation by creating a new one, and The Simpsons is to an extent, a combination of animated cartoon and domestic sitcom, though the series is often labelled first and primarily as a sitcom. This can be seen through the shows use of drama, action, mystery, adventure, musicals, romance, regularly all within the same half-hour, which make the program to challenge genre classification in its combination of varieties of productions. An advertising executive was quoted as saying that: its absolutely all that it is a sitcom comedy that happens to be animated, and in spite of this, the program takes various styles of television, combines them together to produce one of the most innovative and entertaining series on air. There is an accepted assumption that: The Simpson enjoys the double distinction of being perhaps the most important animated program ever to air on American television as well as the one of the most important sitcoms. These two aspects of the program reinforced each other: The success of The Simpsons as a sitcom as help it to gain new audiences that would not previously have been interested in an animated program, while the shows animated status has helped it to break new ground and go where no sitcom had gone before. (Booker, P.48) The program denotes the domestic family sitcom tradition and is often associated with the other side of the Cosbys, the Andersons, the Nelsons, the Bradys and all other sitcoms family from the dawn of television, suggesting the series to be another typical family sitcom, even as animation, with the usual individual problems to encounter and resolve each week. Matt Goering was quoted, saying: at an early age I was affected by Leave it to Beaver and Ozzie Harriet. The Simpsons is my skewed reaction to those shows. In stating the significance of these earlier sources, he is suggesting the series not using the genre s standard, as all the basics of its live action of the series is geared towards the family models. Unlike traditional sitcoms with a limited number of casts and settings, the series animated structure gives the writer, producer and animators the choice to open the style from within instead of applying the typical usual settings. Jason Mittell suggests that: assumptions about animation and family sitcoms situate the program within hierarchies and power relations impacting the shows reception and the ensuing controversies that emerged. But it would be a mistake to regard this generic framework as fixed or static. Just as the show is positioned within clusters of already extant generic discourses, The Simpsons and its long-term cultural life have worked to reconstitute and change the very generic notions that were partially formative of its initial cultural understanding. The success of the show with adults, partially overcoming the stigmas of animations childish audience have somewhat eroded these notions (Mittel, p.194) The Simpsons position within the genre of television and animation is also a point to consider, as there is a kind of difference between animation and cartoon is significant. While animation indicates a technical practice and visual method, cartoon involves a children audience and is mainly associated with children, is full of comical content with uncertain cultural meaning, and is often associated to the 1960s Saturday morning cartoons programs. In response to the success of The Simpson, Charles Solomon suggests that: We tend to forget that what we thinks as the great cartoons the Warner Bros cartoons of the 1940s and 50s, the Disney cartoons of the 30 were made for general audience and could appeal to the most sophisticated member of the audience as well as the least. During the 1960s and 1970s, animation became stereotyped as a childrens medium because of Saturday morning, which was a distortion. Theres always been a big audience for animation, and this is one of the first projects thats been sophisticated enough in its approach to once again appeal to adults as well as children. (Shahid, USA Today) The series has climbed to the rank that is usually reserved for live-action programs to challenge the long-established programs that put all live-actions over anything that is animated. The rise of the cartoon network as a twenty four hour broadcasting channel of animated programs, airing the dreadfully same animated shows that were once labelled as Saturday morning programming for children, suggests the vital role of networks practices in deciding a genres audience, which have allowed various animated series that has followed The Simpson to gained success. Another powerful influence of The Simpson is enhanced through its brilliant blend of comical, visual and vocal elements. Television allows us to take a critical look at the thought-provoking and tough situation of human experiences through the employment of spoken word, audio and dramatic visual element, and the blending of these essentials helps in creating a memorably practical rendering of familiar human situations. By animating The Simpsons, the writer made the effort of reaching a high positive measure of practicality, while at the same time yet entertaining, and as a result creating interesting and motivating stories for his audience. Despite the enormous of the series, The Simpsons is not without its own troubles as there have been several complaints against the program by significant number of viewers. Some of these complaints includes: an ad for The Simpsons showing a setting where a homosexual had encounter with an alien, army recruits with a sign saying: Welcome Suicidal Teenagers, Homer Simpsons equation of Christians with porn movie stars, Cain and Abel were depicted to be slaying each other with knives, etc. Although The Simpsons scores on important lessons such as human values, criticisms of society and the calls for reflection, all of which have enlarged its fan base over the years, but there are some agencies who suggest that this should not conceal the fact that the series is not suitable for children features violent scenes, some sexually evocative images and languages, instances or behaviours. They argued against some explicit contents contained in the series that are considered inappropriate for chi ldren including: the occurrences with which Bart puts off his pants to expose his behind, in defiance of authority. The endorsement of cigarettes in a children program as Patty and Selma, Marges sisters, are chain-smokers. Sideshow Bob, Selmas ex-husband, attempts to kill her; leaving the gas on in order to set the house on fire once she lights her cigarette. Patty, her sister, revealed herself as a lesbian in season 16. Tommy and Daly, the cartoon watched by Lisa and Bart, is thought to be extremely violent. Cleto and Brandine, the ill-bred couples living on the border of Springfield, have no less than 15 children, none of whom attends school, while it is also apparent that they, as well as being married to each other, are family relatives, suggesting incest. The Simpsons furthermore exhibits alcohol abuse and drunkenness, which could be seen as the depiction of alcohol consumption in childrens programs. In one episode, after getting drunk, Homer and Ned Flanders marry strippers in Las Vegas even though they are both already married; suggesting the idea of extramarital affairs and polygamy. In a Time Magazine Poll of 2005, 53 percent of people asked said they think there should be stricter controls on broadcast-channel shows depicting sex and violence. While 68 percent believe the entertainment industry has lost touch with viewers moral standards, 66 percent said there is too much violence TV, and 58 percent said too much cursing and50 percent said there is too much sexual content on TV. 49 percent says regulation should be extended to cover basic cable. According to a BBC poll of more than 1,000 people, 86 percent of the people think the government should regulate sexually explicit television and magazine images aimed at children. With the strongest support of 92 percent coming from 55- to 64-year-olds, an unexpected 78 percent of 18- to 24-year-olds believe tougher limits are needed to prevent adolescent sex. (Telegraph.co.uk, 9/7/04 stats) Generally, even the best television programs have a tendency to decline after a period of time, and there seems to be no case in point for what happened to the FOX networks long-running series. The show, was for the greater part of the 1990s, known to posses hilarious, satirical play and clever writing, with season three to eight featuring the best material ever produced, but the last ten seasons deteriorated into a distasteful, ordinary series that is totally different from the classic program it once was. Alberti commented that: almost from the beginning fans have anxiously and in some cases fatalistically charted evidence of the programs artistic decline, especially as new writer are introduced to the shows, fears that increased with Matt Groenings involvement with Futurama. (Alberti, p.30) With Groening throwing all his exclusive attention to Futuruma, old writers and producers leaving to take on other assignments, another FOX cartoon series, Family Guy, had an adverse effect on The Simpsons, as the writers adopted Peter Griffins outrageous personality that resulted in a brand-new, but much less adorable Homer Simpson. Another factor for its decline could be attributed to the extreme usage of celebrity guest voiceovers, which was never a strong selling point for the show. That these stars are playing themselves with too much disinterest and with less involvement of satire actually became awkward. Television comedy, before the arrival of the series, had past its best. A classic sitcom family is usually associated with the higher middle-class family, with well brought-up children and intellectual parents, like Growing Pains, The Cosby Show and Family Ties. The feature that has made The Simpsons so popular lies in its portrayal of the American family convincingly. Quality television, according to Thompson, inclined towards realism, and The Simpsons is perhaps one of the best examples television audiences have of a realistic family sitcom. Though animated, the portrayal is much more like that of real families; allowing the audience to experience the surprise of self-identification. People can identify with the wittiness that the creators acquire out of a normal family life; stressing and spreading interesting statements about the individual and the society at large.

Sin and Virtue in the works of Freud and Dante Essay -- essays researc

Religion is arguably most influential when concerning politics, society, and individuality. This belief system provides most people with somewhat of a 'guideline' on how to live their lives on a daily basis, depending on which religion one follows. One of the major underlying aspects of religion, Catholicism or Christianity in particular, is to show guilt or sorrow to God for one's own sins and to ask for forgiveness on Earth so when Judgment Day comes the gates of heaven will open. A follower of Christianity is expected to follow the divine doctrine (e.g. The Ten Commandments) and any deviation requires repentance. If one does not ask for forgiveness for his sins, the common belief is that he will be sent to Hell upon death, spending an eternity in damnation. But how does this affect life on Earth? It seems that the individual harbors an internal battle between acting on instinctual desires and what is deemed right or wrong according to God. This self-war creates a sense of guilt. G uilt and sin are closely related to one another in terms of Sigmund Freud's analysis of religion in civilization and can be further compared to Dante's account of sin and the afterlife. In Civilization and Its Discontents, one of Freud?s main purposes is to point out the effect of the relationship between the human conscience and religion. Freud?s central view of religion is that it is an illusion created, and even needed, by man to attain a sense of security from ?an enormously exalted father? who watches over his life and promises a better afterlife (Freud 22). Individually, humans portray through behavior what their motivation in life is: to attain happiness. But religion only offers one road to happiness, and that road is through God. ?Its tech... ...ness, heightens the demands of his conscience, imposes abstinences on himself and punishes himself with penances? (Freud 87). The same can be said according to Dante, but instead of turning to the superego, one turns to God as Dante did while he was ?lost in the dark wood?. An individual looks for a way of escaping these disparaging emotions and searches for a path that will lead to ultimate happiness?usually through and with God. As the purpose of Dante?s Inferno was to understand sin in a way that will allow him to lead a more virtuous life, so was Freud?s theory that the more aware of your guilt the more able you are to recognize what it means to be virtuous. The more aware an individual is of his sin or guilt, the better his ability to repent and achieve virtuosity. This in turn makes peace with God and/or within him and it is here that one achieves redemption.

Gun Control Essay -- Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

Gun Control in the United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News is all around us and is readily available to everyone. There are many flaws in the system that hurts the authenticity of the news when you see it. The media is indirectly part of the political system. Most news is either considered liberal or conservative by many.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media is often considered to be biased. The reason for this is because they do not act neutral on the things that they report on. They usually give their point of view and tend to warp the information so it’s easily digestible by the average person. This type of â€Å"nugget feeding,† can influence the judgment of some one who has no idea what is going on. The media tends to sensationalize the news by making it seem dramatic, and compelling. This hooks the viewer, and keeps them tuned in. The purpose of this is for ratings, and most importantly money. The media has become less professional, and their morality has gone down hill. The editors/gatekeepers decide what information is sent out for the public to see, and hear. This is another way that the news is shaped for our viewing pleasure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The news media rejects the fact that they are biased. They claim that they are the â€Å"middle of the road,† and are neutral on the stories that they cover. Publishers also claim that they are the watchdog for the political system, and they make sure that the system is free of any corruption, or wrongdoing. Th...

Oprah Winfrey Essays -- essays research papers

"The Oprah Winfrey Show". Her show is known to not only all over the United States, but also known to all around the world. Today she is known as the America's most famous and powerful woman. Every woman in America envies her great fortune and her intelligence. But Oprah insists that she is not special or gifted. She had overcome many hurdles and reached to the top of America's national T.V host. What makes her so popular and most loved entertainer in the United States? Oprah Winfrey, a talk show host, actress, producer and philanthropist, and business woman is the chairwoman of HARPO entertainment in Chicago. She joins the elite company of Lucille Ball and Mary Pickford, as the only woman in T.V and film to own their own production studios. Through HARPO productions, she produces and hosts America's number one popular show, "The Oprah Winfrey show". (Oprah Winfrey talk show bio 1997 p.1) Today many woman in America envies her life; her popularity, intelligence and her great fortunes. Though her success was gained from her hard work and education. She did not have any special background to be a most loved woman in America. She has overcame number of obstacles that most people have encountered in their own lives. She had to deal with poverty, sexual abuse, racism as a child, and her lifelong battle with weight. Oprah Gail Winfrey was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi on January 29, 1954. As a child, she moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then moved back to Nashville. She has lived through poverty, repeated sexual abuse, and a sentence to a juvenile delinquent home. (Hyde 1997 p.57) Oprah was crowned Miss. Black Tennessee at age 19. In 1973. She left Tennessee State University and became a newscaster for WTVF in Nashville. Three years later, Oprah became a news anchor in Baltimore at an ABC station but after 9 months, she was pulled off the air because of an emotional ad-lib delivery. She eventually ended up in Chicago hosting a morning show called "AM Chicago". In less than a year, the show became number one and was expanded to one hour and re-named "The Oprah Winfrey Show". (http://pilot.msu.edu/user/bresnah2/oprahbio.htm 1997 p.1) From there, she has been an actress in the "Color Purple", "The women of Breuster place" and "There are no children here".(Oprah Winfrey)Today, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" is the highest rated talk show in T.V history, and ... ...not, though many women are hoping her to remain in the show and share her power and intelligence with them. Oprah's effect on T.V is so great that since she started to appear on the show, many similar talk shows increased dramatically. And most of these talk show hosts are very popular just like Oprah. Though I believe no one among them can influence American women just like Oprah did. REFERENCES 1. Benezra, K. (1997). Products pitch talk hosts. Media week, pp. 6.2. Dickerson, D (1997). A womans's woman. U.S News & World Report. pp.10. 3. Hyde, W.S (1991). Television and Radio Announcing. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company. 4. Schlosser, J (1997). Oprah watch. Broadcasting & Cable. pp. 10.5. Stanley, T.L (1997). What they've got. Media week. pp. 34-35.6. http://pilot.msu.edu/user/bresnah2/oprabio.htm. (1997). Oprah Winfrey. pp1.7. http://www.datalist.idsite.com/oprah-table.html. (1997). Oprah Winfrey. pp1.8. http://www.tvtalkshows.com/oprah/bio/. (1997). Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Bio. pp1-2.

Report on wide screen displays

A widescreen image is a movie, computing machine, or telecasting image with a width-to-height facet ratio greater than the standard 1.37:1 Academy facet ratio provided by 35mm movie. Screen Aspect Ratio is fundamentally a step of the horizontal length of a telecasting ( or movie ) screen, in relation to its perpendicular tallness. In other words, a traditional telecasting has a Screen Aspect Ratio of 4Ãâ€"3. This means that a traditional telecasting has a screen that is four units long for every three units in tallness. Converting these units into inches would ensue in measurings of 4-inches by 3-inches or 8-inches by 6-inches, and on-and-on. By the same item, on widescreen telecasting ( such as today ‘s HDTVs ) , the Screen Aspect Ratio is 16 units long for every 9 units in tallness, or 16-inches by 9-inches, 32-inches by 18-inches, etc†¦ A 16Ãâ€"9 screen aspect ratio therefore consequences in a wider image show that a 4Ãâ€"3 facet ratio. This wider image show allows both films originally filmed in widescreen and new, widescreen telecasting scheduling, to be displayed more accurately.Latest development in widescreen show:Widescreen LCD shows:BARCO ‘s LC series of High-Resolution LCD shows has been specifically designed for usage in a broad assortment of professional applications. The LC household nowadayss chip, clear and color-accurate images on 42 † , 47 † and 56 † screen sizes. Dedicated versions with HD-SDI inputs are available. Having some of the most advanced LCD engineering available today, BARCO ‘s LC series stands for the ultimate in item. The LC series consists of a 42 † and 47 † show in native full high definition ( 1920Ãâ€"1080 pels ) and a 56 † show in quad full high definition ( 3840Ãâ€"2160 pels ) .Benefits:High brightness High contrast, even in high ambient visible radiation environments High declaration and pel denseness Frame lock and firing mechanism functionality Low power ingestion Long life-timeExamples:56 † quad full High Definition LCD show LC-5621 42 † native High Definition LCD show LCN-42 47 † native High Definition LCD show LCN-47 42 † native High Definition LCD show with extra HD-SDI inputs LCS-42 47 † native High Definition LCD show with extra HD-SDI inputs LCS-47Technology used in broad screen show merchandise:Plasma screen engineeringLED engineeringCRT ( cathode beam tubing )Liquid crystal displayPlasma screen engineering:Flat panel plasma show is the latest show engineering and the best manner to accomplish shows with first-class image quality and big, level screen sizes that are easy viewable in any environment. Plasma panels are an array of cells, known as pels, which are composed of three bomber pels, matching to the colourss red, green, and blue. Gas in the plasma province is used to respond with phosphors in each bomber pel to bring forth coloured visible radiation ( ruddy, green, or blue ) . These phosphors are the same types used in cathode beam tubing ( CRT ) devices such as telecastings and standard computing machine proctors. You get the rich dynamic colourss that you expect. Each bomber pel is separately controlled by advanced electronics to bring forth over 16 million different colourss. All of this means that you get per fect images that are easy viewable in a show that is less than six inches thick.LED engineering:There are many consumer advantages to LEDs over incandescent or fluorescent visible radiation bulbs. LED lights consume much less energy. They are 300 per centum more efficient than a compact fluorescent visible radiation ( CFL ) , and 1,000 per centum more efficient than an candent bulb. They have a really long life, about 50,000 hours of usage at 70 per centum of their original power. ( LEDs do n't fire out or spark, they merely melt. ) This works out to eight hours a twenty-four hours for 13 old ages at 70 per centum power. A typical 60-watt incandescent bulb may last about 1,000 hours. LED lighting contains no quicksilver or other toxins. LEDs emit no extremist violet ( UV ) visible radiation, so they do n't pull bugs. They do n't bring forth heat, so they are cool to the touch. They do n't bring forth wireless frequence moving ridges, so they do n't interfere with wirelesss or telecasting broadcasts. They besides are immune to quivers and dazes.CRT ( cathode beam tubing ) :The Cathode Ray Tube ( CRT ) is a vacuity tubing incorporating an negatron gun ( a beginning of negatrons ) and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external agencies to speed up and debar the negatron beam, used to make images in the signifier of light emitted from the fluorescent screen. The image may stand for electrical wave forms ( CRO ) , images ( telecasting, computing machine proctor ) , radar marks and others. The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is big, deep, heavy, and comparatively delicate.LCD ( Liquid-crystal show ) :Liquid-crystal show telecastings ( LCD Television ) a re telecasting sets that use LCD engineering to bring forth images. LCD telecastings are thinner and lighter than CRTs of similar show size, and are available in much larger sizes. This combination of characteristics made LCDs more practical than CRTs for many functions, and as fabrication costs fell, their eventual laterality of the telecasting market was all but guaranteed. In 2007, LCD telecastings surpassed gross revenues of CRT-based telecastings worldwide for the first clip, and their gross revenues figures relative to other engineerings are speed uping. LCD TVs are rapidly displacing the lone major rivals in the large-screen market, the plasma show panel and rear-projection telecasting. Liquid crystal displaies are, by far, the most widely produced and sold telecasting engineering today, forcing all other engineerings into niche functions.Benefits of the WidescreenWhen used for amusement, a widescreen show is in its component when demoing widescreen DVD films in their intended 16:9 facet ratio. This means a bigger image more comfort and less otiose infinite ( less or no black bands on either side of the image ) . The widescreen show besides makes it easier to redact and see bird's-eye images and may extinguish troublesome horizontal scrolling wholly. Another benefit of the widescreen show is apparent when it comes to serious work – the ability to expose two Windowss side by side and to drag and drop ( or copy Ns ‘ paste ) information without holding to exchange between them is invaluable.