Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment refers to any sexual conduct or advance to a person whether a man or a woman that is unwelcome. This form of harassment creates an offensive, hostile and intimidating working environment. It is a wide spread problem which in most cases has the effect of causing low morale among the workers especially those that are frequently sexually harassed. It leads to low productivity and thus low output for unions and employers and also introduces an expense to the management in terms of the law suits filed by the workers who have been sexually harassed.Therefore less sexual harassment will lead to increased productivity at the work place and in addition reduce the legal costs incurred as a result of the cases that have been filed by the sexually harassed workers (Roberts, & Mann, n. d. ). Effects of sexual harassment at work place Sexual harassment creates a hostile working environment for the workers and especially the ones facing sexual harassment. For any worker to be prod uctive, academic achievements and experience alone are not enough to ensure optimal productivity. The working environment for the worker is a very important factor maximum productivity among the workers.The workers who are frequently harassed either sexually or through any other form of harassment usually have a negative attitude towards their work in the organization and in fact hate the organization they are working for and will in most cases remain in such organizations simply because they cannot secure another job with another company, otherwise they will quit their work in the organization from which they are being sexually harassed at the earliest opportunity. Sexually harassed workers cannot be as productive as their counter parts in other companies that are not facing such harassment.Thus it is very important for the management of every company to ensure that all their workers are well protected from any form of harassment and especially sexual harassment, as this will resul t in increased productivity (Sims, & Drasgow, 2002). In Malaysia a study was performed and it indicated that increased cases of sexual harassment were actually leading to low productivity in various organizations. The ministry of human resources despite advocating for training of the effects of sexual harassment at the work place also made a lot of efforts in preventing sexual harassment by changing attitudes among the workers and the management.The ministry started a continuous program which combined demonstration, theory, coaching and proactive actions which had a lot of impact in reducing sexual harassment and as a result increased productivity was realized in the country (Roberts, & Mann, n. d. ). Sexually harassed workers will in most cases, are emotionally affected by the intimidating and unwelcome sexual conduct and advance on them, by those perpetrating the vice. Workers who are psychologically disturbed will obviously be less productive as compared to those ones who are emo tionally stable.Studies have shown that persons who have faced sexual harassment for extended periods of time are likely to suffer similar psychological effects as those experienced by victims of rape. Such people will always feel disturbed both at work place and outside their work places. They therefore, perform poorly in their work as they are more likely to concentrate more on the harassment and its effects instead of their assignments (Sims, & Drasgow, 2002). Low morale might be realized from the sexually harassed workers as they are not motivated to perform well.Such workers will in most cases just work mechanically to only meet the requirements of the management. They are less creative and innovative in their work since they do not see the sense of improving their work in work places they do not enjoy working in. sexually harassed workers with low morale will produce less as compared to those who are working in conducive environments in which they are likely to enjoy their wor k and thus produce more as well as be more innovative and creative, thus ensuring that their organizations remain competitive (Roberts, & Mann, n.d. ).Sexually harassed workers usually have increased absenteeism from their work places in an attempt of avoiding the harassment. They will fail to attend work as a result of stress and illnesses arising out of the harassment. Thus there is loss of work days and thus the levels of production drop significantly as cases of sexual harassment increases (Sims, & Drasgow, 2002). Strategic advantages of affirmative action programs to organizationsWhen affirmative action programs are well employed in recruiting workers to join an organization, it will ensure that only those who are well qualified for various positions will be hired by the organization and thus the company is better placed to be productive. The principle for affirmative action when hiring employees should be purely based on merit, ability and qualifications. It should as much as possible try to be independent of national origin, race, or sex of the workers and thus such should not be the basis of hiring or promoting workers (Karsten, 2006).Affirmative action ensures that only the best qualified in terms of qualification, experience and ability are chosen to occupy certain positions. This will help the organization to survive in the long run as such people are more likely to be more innovative and creative and thus ensure that the company remains or becomes more competitive (Kivel, 1995). Employing people on merit also answers the question of equality and thus the company is more likely to improve its image to the society who comprise of their customers and thus the company might realize increased sales.When the people feel that a certain company is discriminating them in terms of denying them equal employment opportunity, such people are likely to shy away from consuming products and services that are provided by the company. Such people also have the prope nsity of talking ill about the company, this will destroy the reputation of the company and will lead to decreased sales revenue which might eventually lead to its collapse if it continues with the vice of discrimination and thus companies should come up with affirmative action programs which will ensure that discrimination is avoided at all cost in the organization (Karsten, 2006).Affirmative actions greatly affect the effectiveness of organizations, this is because the most effective and efficient employees are engaged at various levels of production. Without an affirmative action workers may be hired or promoted due to other reasons other than merit. This would significantly affect the overall effectiveness of the organization as less qualified workers might be engaged to perform certain tasks which could have been performed better by other more qualified personnel had merit been used as a basis of engaging such employees (Kivel, 1995).Lack of a proper affirmative action might al so significantly affect the share prices of an organization, since it will be less attractive to the investors who originate from back grounds that the company is fond of discriminating. This will in the long run affect the capital base of the company and might eventually make it to face serious financial crisis, thus hindering its effective operations (Karsten, 2006). Conclusion Sexual harassment is a vice that should not be tolerated at any cost in an organization as it will lower the levels of productivity among the workers.Thus the company will face increased costs of operations since it will be remunerating its workers for less production. The sexually harassed workers will be working in an environment that is hostile for them and thus they will have low morale to work effectively. An affirmative action program in an organization is very important as it sets out the rules and regulations to be followed. When used appropriately an affirmative action will ensure that a firm remai ns competitive and thus its future is guaranteed to some extent.

What Are the Reason Some People Choose to Have Cosmetic Surgery?

In this era, there are a number of people immigrating to Canada. They are immigrating for the sake of getting enormous benefits from Canada, but they also face many problems in Canada. They have job problems because of low pay rate. People face another problem regarding their health. The Canadian weather is not better because it is cold, so it has bad effects on immigrants health. There are many problems for immigrants in Canada. They have culture and language problems. They cannot speak good English. There are three main effects of immigrants social life, health, and culture. The first effect on immigration come to Canada is social life. People have problems in social life. For example, full time work does not allow immigrants to enjoy their social lives. Sometimes, they do not get time to meet their parents, and they are not able to meet their friends as well. People are in a fun exciting stage in their life, but their full time schedule for work is destroying their fun in their social life. For instance, they cannot attend any family function and parties where they can meet their social needs of their lives. Immigrants cannot attend other function like New Year functions and parties because of busy schedule. For example, if they have family function with relatives. They do not have time for attend this function. They have a busy schedule of jobs. The second effect on immigrants to Canada is health. People get health- related problems very quickly. For example, the Canadian weather is mostly cold and climatic conditions are quite different from other countries. Moreover, people feel homesickness when they immigrant to Canada because they miss their proximate and dear ones. Therefore, people get health problems very quickly after they immigrated to Canada. The final effect on immigrants to Canada is culture and language. People feel uncomfortable when they need to explain their views with other people and in another language. For example, some people do not know how to speak in English, so they feel odd and insecure. To add up, every community has their own culture. People get problems when they need to adjust to another culture. They feel awkward when showing their culture to other communities. To conclude, there are negative effects on immigrant to Canada. Social life, health, and culture are three major effects of immigration for the domestic and immigrating people. They get sick and feel uncomfortable in Canada. Also, they face many problems, but the number of people immigrating in the future will increase.

Effective Leadership Within An Organisational Context Essay

Effective Leadership Within An Organisational Context - Essay Example So, what is effective leadership? Before defining effective leadership, it is important to define leadership. According to Northouse (2010, p 9), leadership is defined as a process through which a person mobilize resources both material and human and influences group of people to achieve set of common goals. Effective leadership has diverse definitions that depend mostly on the context on which leadership is defined and point of view of the person defining it. Leadership effectiveness definition is highly multifaceted and complex. The following are the famous definitions of effective leadership. One, Nahavandi (2006, p 12) defines effective leadership as a process through which leadership achieves the organizations’ goals and objectives; leadership is based on the performance of the group. Two, Marturano and GOSLKING (2008, p 9) define effective leadership as the ability of leadership to help people in an organization to have more collaboration, innovation and communication. Three, effective leadership is the ability to enable other people within organization enhance their personal capabilities in order to fulfil their own ambitions and potentials and that of the group or organization as well (Vries 2006, p. 12- 13). In comparison, the three definitions indicate that effective lea dership aims at achieving certain goals after a given period of time. Secondly, all the definitions show that effective le

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume Essay

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume - Essay Example Humes influence is evident in the works of quite a lot of other philosophers, among whom are: Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Charles Darwin, and Thomas Henry Huxley. The diverseness of these writers shows what they gleaned from reading Hume; it reflects not only the richness of their sources but also the wide range of Humes empiricism. Contemporary philosophers recognize Hume as one of the most thoroughgoing exponents of philosophical naturalism. David Hume sought to develop more fully the consequences of Locke's cautious empiricism by applying the scientific methods of observation to a study of human nature itself. He was of the opinion that we cannot rely on the common-sense pronouncements of popular superstition, which illustrate human conduct without offering any illumination, nor can we achieve any genuine progress by means of abstract metaphysical speculation, which imposes a spurious clarity upon profound issues- that we are entirely unjustified in thinking that we can ever know anything about matters of fact. He thought that the alternative is to reject all easy answers; employing the negative results of philosophical skepticism as a legitimate place to start. Hume felt that since human beings live and function in the world, we should try to observe how they do so. The key principle to be applied to any investigation of our cognitive capacities is, then, an attempt to discover the causes of human belief. According to Hume, the proper goal of philosophy is simply to explain why we believe what we do. His own attempt to achieve that goal was the focus of Book I of his book, the Treatise of Human Nature and all of the first Enquiry.

The Impact Of Globalization On The Multinational Corporations Essay

The Impact Of Globalization On The Multinational Corporations - Essay Example Plenty of definitions were given to globalization by different scholars. In any case, it is a fact that globalization has influenced most of the life segments of human being at present. The things happening in one part of the world has the capacity to affect the life of people in other parts of the world because of globalization. According to Lieber and Weisberg (2002), globalization helps people all over the world in the creation of a stronger and stable world (Lieber and Weisberg, 2002, p274).Global wealth is currently shifting from less heavily populated American and European regions to the more heavily populated Asian region at present because of globalization. The world's tallest building is now in Dubai. The largest publicly traded company is in China. The largest passenger airplane is built in Europe. The biggest movie industry is India's Bollywood, not Hollywood. And in the most recent Forbes rankings, only two of the world's 10 richest people are American (Zakaria, 2008, p.1 98). Business is one segment in which globalization brought revolutionary changes. Current market is heavily globalized because of globalization. Most of the prominent organizations in the world are currently operating internationally or cross culturally. Politics, economics, and religious or cultural beliefs are not causing any barrier in preventing the growth of international business. Offshoring and outsourcing like business concepts evolved out because of globalization. Multinational companies are utilizing these business concepts judiciously to make profits. The concepts such as Free trade, regional trade blocs etc are helping MNC’s immensely in spreading their business to overseas countries. Foreign Direct investment or FDI is encouraged by all countries as part of their economic reformation activities. All these favourable business climates are helping MNCs in operating cross culturally at present. This paper reviews the literatures to know the impact of globalization upon MNCs. Literature Review: The impact of globalization on multinational corporations Globalization has impacted MNCs both positively and negatively. Most of the prominent companies in this world were struggling for expansion before the introduction of globalization. For example, Starbucks is a company which is struggling to expand in America because of their excessive number of coffee shops everywhere in America. American market was saturated for Starbucks and they were looking for opportunities in global market. â€Å"While Starbucks was very successful in its domestic market, the leaders of the company knew they would have to exploit globalization and expand the company to foreign markets to fully utilize the potential that the company had.   In 2003, Starbucks quickly expanded into foreign markets and began to evolve into the world-wide company we know today†(Hart, 2011). At present, Starbucks is accumulating more revenue from international market than from American m arket. Robinson (2003) has pointed out that globalization helps the world to develop transnational capital (Robinson, p.12). The presence of transnational is operating globally with the help of transnational capital. Prominent automobile manufacturers are currently offshoring their manufacturing operations to cheap labour oriented countries such as India and China to reduce manufacturing cost. It is difficult for an American made vehicle to compete effectively with a Korean or Indian made vehicle in terms of price. Price wars are getting intensified in the automobile sector in recent times and hence the profit percentages of the automakers are coming down drastically. Governments in different countries have already formulated implemented

Was Hitler a Weak Dictator between 1934-1939 Essay

Was Hitler a Weak Dictator between 1934-1939 - Essay Example If there was a weakness to be found in Hitler's dictatorship then it would have had to be his own greed and desire to conquer the entire world, which was an impossible feat, yet Hitler failed to see the reality of his circumstances. However, with regard to his iron rule over his people and the control he had over other countries, he was by no means weak but rather he was an extremely powerful and suffocating force, making all the necessary decisions concerning his homeland. The conclusion will show that the reign of Hitler still haunts the memories of many due to the delirious atrocities he placed upon thousands, which inevitably brings the validity needed to prove he was cruel and vindictive but never could he be classified as weak. Hitler's role was much too central in Germany for him to have ever been considered a weak dictator. Furthermore, in order to validate the point being made that Hitler was indeed not weak during these years it can be pointed out that he had a hefty amount of control over all areas of socialization and political governance during this time. This was through his tyranny on the people themselves and his say so in how the educational system worked, his persecution of the minorities in the country, the development of propaganda and censorship, and his overall pull in the maturing belief of Nazism (Jackson & Spielvogel 1996, pg. 12). Hitler pretty much controlled every activity that people participated in on a daily basis, from leisure activities to their quality of life at work and home as well. This is basically why there have been statements made about him of how he ruled Germany through his threatening presence alone (Klaus & Fischer 1997, pg. 110). Just for an example, Hitler had more control over the people than what has ever actually been realized. He forced German citizens and his military to pledge an oath to his allegiance and those who did not were dismissed and later executed. In fact, during these very year's history has shown that Hitler was at the rise of his popularity within Germany and in other regions of which he had conquered so there is no logical way to assume he was in any way weak at all but rather, as was stated previously, a very serious extremist and unrelenting dictator (Jackel 1972, pg. 55). The Rule of Hitler The question of if Hitler was able to be a strong dictator lays in the arguments of functional and intentionalists. A functional argument is the belief that Hitler didn't have a plan but used what was in front of him to his advantage, and an Intentional view is that Hitler had a plan and stuck by his plan therefore leading us to the question, 'was Hitler strong enough to have a plan and succeed it' Hitler knew how to abuse the chaotic government and he knew how to use the circumstances (Mitchell 1990, pg. 89). He knew exactly what the people wanted and what the military wanted. All of these aspects could have made Hitler strong. From the end of the 1st world war the military wanted rearmament and the people wanted revenge. These two circumstances assisted Hitler in having his voice heard more clearly and defined him as being a very strong leader throughout the years that he was gaining his control of the country. The weak government and the

Discussion on Modes of Arguments Research Paper

Discussion on Modes of Arguments - Research Paper Example He seems to be of the opinion that Native Americans deserve the positions and the American economy would survive and even improve without immigrants. But when we read the topic further, it seems something different from where it was started. He seems to argue over the low wage rate in his writing. He argued that since the Americans after graduating do not indulge themselves in learning technical skills, they are not able to contribute to the technical fields. They are also not able to earn high for that very reason. The argument seems too vaguely discussed that one may relate his assertions to America’s incapability of taking on management and technical roles. Does the author argue on having immigrants at higher level managerial roles then? Certainly not! The author seems to support America’s capability of providing low skilled labor insufficient supply to meet the demands. The argument posed a bit negative and was not formulated carefully. Chiswick supports his claim f or the eradication of immigrants by referring to students, housewives and the retired population of America, who would gladly take on the roles requiring low-skills to meet their needs. The author intentionally pointed towards housewives and students to rise up an emotional appeal for the rights and needs of these weak, sensitive and apparently dependent groups. This is an excellent example of a ‘pathos’ element of writing used in the content under discussion. He further states that there is a concentration of low-skilled workers in America due to legal and illegal immigration. The supply of low-skilled labor is more than its demand which results in lowering of the wage rates. He used the case of a farmer to evidence the needlessness of immigrants. He uses the logos element by reasoning that using machines and the latest technologies, the costs can be reduced and efficiency improved in almost every field. The apparently logical and practical reason, however, seems flawe d as the machinery, latest technologies and its use require much more capital investment that could be afforded by farmers, small-scale businesses and sole- proprietors etc. In the last paragraph, the author seems to persuade the American nation by putting forward emotional arguments. He uses ethos to some extent by using proper tone, developing a sense of unity and motivating the Americans by identifying their strengths. In my opinion, the author has not developed a sound case. This writing starts from one direction and ends on another making the topic and discussion confusing. The writer is not able to maintain harmony throughout his writing. The absurdity of his reasoning is apparent in the last few paragraphs where he offers the reduction in changing of sheets and towels. The American economy does not need low-skilled workers for changing sheets and towels only. Reducing consumption or changing patterns would not only reduce the quality of services provided by hotels, restaurant s and other businesses but would also threaten the existence of many businesses.  Ã‚  

Globalization inevitably leads to a homogenous 'world' culture and the Essay

Globalization inevitably leads to a homogenous 'world' culture and the erasure of local richness. Discuss using a variety of examples from your research into cu - Essay Example external manifestations of globalization which have been the focus of criticism are (a) cultural imperialism (b) Americanization and (c) McDonaldization. This may be noted specifically in the European countries where the cultural and linguistic diversity of this small geographical area is increasingly being made vulnerable to the dominant influence of American culture and values. Critics of globalization argue that it leads to a homogenization or hybridization of cultures, so that the rich diversity of local culture and traditions may be irretrievably lost. (Nederveen Pieterse 1995; Robertson 1995). The end of the Cold War, symbolized by the disintegration of the Soviet Union has resulted in the emergence of a new global era (Meyer et al 1997, p 174) where the competition between the former super powers is being replaced by a consumer driven social, political and economic scenario. (Freidman, 2000). The bureaucratic, tightly controlled economies of the Cold War era have yielded to free trade. The Berlin wall came down and so did the trade barriers between countries, opening up the doors to technological advancement and an age of communication where the Internet has revolutionized the availability of information, creating a knowledge based economy.(Thurow 2000, p 116). Information is the new mantra that spells success in the modern world .(Shapiro and Varian, 1999). Intellectual capital is important and the use of business worldwide webs spells power. (Lynn 2000; Bernhut 2001). The Internet has been described as â€Å"a decentralized, global medium of communication comprising a global web of linked networks and computers.† (Thurow, 2000, p 116). It enables instant communication across geographical boundaries and thereby has fostered the growth of an era of capitalism and consumerism, where the focus has shifted to economic interests, with political, social and cultural aspects being subordinated to the dominant capitalist trend. This has produced the phenomenon

Psychometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychometrics - Essay Example The tests used are designed strictly for this purpose and has no relevance to anything else other than the purpose for which it was created (Rust & Golombok, 1989). Measurement in psychometrics can be taken as the conversion of abstract constructs into concrete variables on the basis of a clear set of rules and arises from the conjecture of McCall 1939 p.15, that â€Å"anything that exists in amount can be measured.† Tests form the essential feature of the means to measurement in psychometrics. A test may be taken as a standard procedure in an attempt to sample behaviour and describe it in terms of categories or scores. A true test incorporates norms and standards in relation to the scores that assist in the prediction of behaviour and performance. An unstandardised test has confounding factors in it, which interact with the performance and as a result has a negative impact on the ability to evaluate performance. Psychological testing attempts to ape measurements in the physical measurement, where numbers are ascribed to demonstrate levels of some feature like temperature or weight. Tests through its scores or evidence make it possible to assess whether an individual belongs to a particular category or group and to evaluate the quantum of trait or quality that is possessed by the individual. There are two caveats that govern any test. The first caveat is that error is inherent to a test result and that the measurement obtained is not a reflection of the true score, but a reflection of the sum of the true score and the error, which may be positive or negative. The second caveat is that psychological test scores are not a measure of physical reality and are representative of abstract concepts. For example the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) does not really exist, but is a useful abstract concept for predicting success in academics or career. Test scores are interpreted through the comparison against a set of

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay Example for Free

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Essay The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 is a federal law to provide employees time off of work for due to medical and family reasons. Reasons include: the birth or adoption of a child, an employee’s grave medical condition which prevents the employee from doing his/her job, or attending to the serious medical condition of a child, parent, or spouse. This leave is unpaid and requires employees to have been employed with the employer for at least one year. The employee is permitted to maintain health insurance during the duration of the leave. In the first scenario, the employee, who had worked for the company for two years, took family medical leave because his wife gave birth to premature twins. The employee returned to work a week early, per request. He was permitted to return to his position with his same rate of pay. The employee does not think is fair that he did not receive pay during the time he was on family medical leave. Lastly, the scenario includes that there is a new department manager. The employee rightfully received the leave time because he was employed with the company for at least one year and had a legitimate excuse. He was rightfully given back his job position and rate of pay as specified in FMLA regulations. The company was right in this case not to pay the employee for the eleven week leave. The only way for him to receive any sort of pay was if he had any sick or vacation time that could be cashed out. The new manager has nothing to do with this scenario since all FMLA regulations were followed. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) places very strict regulations on business regarding the employees and hiring practices for individuals age forty and over. Businesses are not allowed to discriminate due to age during the hiring process or withhold raises and promotions of existing employees. Scenario two explains that a 68 year-old employee was passed up on a promotion even though his work was above average. The promotion was given to an employee who was younger and who performed average work. This scenario violates the ADEA regulation regarding promotions. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) clearly explains that businesses cannot â€Å"limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individuals age†. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 also regulates businesses’ hiring and employment practices regarding individuals with disabilities. No discrimination can occur as a result of a disability unless it places other individuals in an immediate safety threat. Reasonable accommodations must also be met to ensure that the employee will be able to perform the job given. The last scenario describes an applicant in a wheelchair. The applicant was not hired because the business would have to adjust the height of half of their elevator controls. The business said that this was beyond reasonable accommodations. The applicant’s rights were violated in this scenario. Lowering the elevator controls is not unreasonable. The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission (2008) explains that reasonable accommodation includes â€Å"making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities†. References The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Pub. L. No. 90-202 The U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission. (2008). Facts about the Americans with Disabilities Act. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-ada.html

Financial And Market Analysis Of Premium Economy Business Commerce Essay

Financial And Market Analysis Of Premium Economy Business Commerce Essay In the airlines industry, in order to achieve success in the market competition, superior market players have to generate a good understanding about the underlying demands in the market. Traditionally, airlines provide three major flight classes to the customers, namely economy, business and first class flight and services. With the prosperous economic development and the increasing demand in air travel, the idea of premium economy is introduced and it is now being widely accepted by the airline industry. Premium economy, or maybe called differently by different airline companies, generally offers a wider space and more premium service to passengers, and accordingly, requires a higher ticket price. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current performance outcomes and the market potential of premium economy business. The first question will be answered with the comparison and analysis of five selected airline companies which have already launched premium economy business during operation. These five airline companies include Qantas, United Airways, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airbus, and ANA. Then based on the performance outcome comparison, the second question will be answered with a further market demands and input-output analysis. 2.0 Premium economy business in the five selected airline companies Premium economy, a niche market strategy widely introduced in long haul market of business travel, is not standardized. In United Airways, the idea of premium economy is called Economy Plus; while in British Airways, it is called World Traveler Plus. Meanwhile, premium economy business is being carried out differently in the five selected airline companies. Some may only provide extra legroom with other service no more different from standard economy; while other airline companies may emphasize a clear distinction from traditional business by introducing priority boarding, excellent on board service and entertainment, etc. 2.1 Qantas premium economy business Premium Economy is available on all Qantas A380 aircraft and selected B747-400 aircraft with selected flights from Sydney to Los Angeles, London, Singapore, Bangkok, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Buenos Aires, San Francisco and New York, and from Melbourne to Los Angeles, London, Singapore and Hong Kong. In Qantas premium economy project, passengers are entitled to benefits such as priority check-in, extra legroom for stretch out and relax, personal TV, laptop power for all premium economy seats, and priority in disembarkation. Qantas has introduced three types of aircraft and twelve scheduled flights to provide premium economy business. Detailed seat information is extracted and analyzed. Averagely, premium economy delivers a 2 extra inches of seat width, 7 extra inches of legroom. However, with an analysis into the seat number, it can be seen that premium economy business is not so widely introduced in Qantas. Averagely, seats for premium economy business just take up 9% of the total available seats in one flight. As to the ticket price for each class, generally, in Qantas, premium economy is generally 80% more expensive than standard economy. And the price for premium economy stays quite the same for the whole month, thus preventing discount for advanced bookings (Qantas, n.d.). 2.2 United Airways premium economy business Premium economy is widely available on 15 types of aircrafts in the United Airways. The flight routes are selected between a variety of North American destinations and Hawaii. In United Airways, premium economy is called as economy plus, which is not a separate class of service but differs from standard economy with up to 3 to 5 inches of extra legroom. Generally, seats for economy plus are located nearer to the front of the aircraft, so that passengers in this section will be served first. Benefits such as priority check-in, personal TV, laptop powers, or priority in disembarkation are not entitled to economy plus passengers. Averagely, premium economy delivers almost the same inches of seat width, 4 extra inches of legroom. With a look into the seat numbers, the total average seats available on these aircrafts are 210, and averagely, seats for premium economy business take up 23.7% (50 seats) of the total available seats. As to the ticket price for each class, generally, in United Airways, premium economy cost much the same with standard economy (United Airways, n.d.). 2.3 British Airways premium economy business Premium economy is called world travelers plus in British Airways, and it is available on 5 types of aircrafts and a variety of flight routes. In British Airways world travelers plus project, passengers are entitled to benefits such as priority check-in, extra legroom for stretch out and relax personal TV, laptop power, and priority in disembarkation. Averagely, premium economy delivers almost the same inches of seat width, 7 extra inches of legroom. With a look into the seat numbers, the total average seats available on these aircrafts are 268, and averagely, seats for premium economy business take up 11.5% (30 seats) of the total available seats. As to the ticket price for each class, generally, in British Airways, premium economy is generally 90% more expensive than standard economy (British Airways, n.d.). 2.4 Virgin Atlantic premium economy business Premium economy is available on 6 types of aircrafts and a variety of flight routes. In Virgin Atlantic premium economy project, passengers are entitled to benefits such as priority check-in, extra legroom for stretch out and relax personal TV, laptop power, and priority in disembarkation. Averagely, premium economy delivers a 4 extra inches of seat width, 7 extra inches of legroom. With a look into the seat numbers, the total average seats available on these aircrafts are 360, and averagely, seats for premium economy business take up 12.6% (45 seats) of the total available seats. As to the ticket price for each class, generally, in Virgin Atlantic, premium economy is generally 46% more expensive than standard economy (Virgin Atlantic, n.d.). 2.5 ANA premium economy business Premium economy is available on 5 types of aircrafts in ANA. The flight routes are selected from Nagoya to Taipei and Tianjin routes, Narita-Hong Kong route, Narita and North America as well as the NRT LHR route. In ANA, premium economy differs from standard economy by providing priority check-in, laptop powers, and priority in disembarkation. Averagely, premium economy delivers almost the same inches of seat width, 4 extra inches of legroom. With a look into the seat numbers, the total average seats available on these aircrafts are 257, and averagely, seats for premium economy business take up 12.3% (32 seats) of the total available seats. As to the ticket price for each class, generally, in ANA, premium economy cost much the same with standard economy (ANA, n.d.). 2.6 Comparison of the premium economy business With the introduction about the five selected airline companies premium economy business, it is noted that all the five companies have provided passengers with up to 7 inches of extra legroom. Additionally, except for United Airways, Qantas, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, and ANA have provided extra benefits for check-in/out and on board service. Such benefits can save much time spent on travel and could leave passengers with a good service impression. However, such benefits are provided with the increase in operation costs. Moreover, the adoption levels of premium economy differentiated with each other to a great extent. Among the five airline companies, Qantas has the lowest percentage of premium economy seats to the total available seats at around 9%; while for United Airways, the percentage of premium economy seats to the total available seats is at the highest level around 23.7%. The diversification in product portfolio may generate the problem of cutting costs down. 3.0 Financial performance of the five selected airline companies As no specific revenue information on the premium economy business could be available from the companies released financial reports, comparison of the financial performance for the five airline companies would be carried out with theoretical analysis. For the airline industry, major airlines have long been troubled by the matter of tremendous fixed costs such as the repair and maintenance of the aircraft, overhead costs and the increasing costs of fuels. In order to cover such costs, airline companies need a great number of passengers to meet the break-even point. In calculating the break even points for each airline service product, the companies may generally follow the formulas below (Horngren, Sundem Stratton, 2002) Break even point (for output) = fixed cost / contribution per unit Contribution (p.u) = selling price (p.u.) variable cost (p.u) Break even point (for sales) = fixed cost / contribution (pu) ÃÆ'- selling price (pu) During operation, the companies will try to lower the break even points so that they can maximize their profits. In order to achieve this, companies can get down on the following aspects: control the fixed cost, increase the output units (loaded passengers), or increase the selling price. As to fixed cost control, it mainly involves improvement on internal control and management; while the pricing strategy will be mainly affected by the passenger market. 4.0 Product profitability analysis When making decisions on new product launches, the companies should assess the profitability of current product portfolio, and the potential profits which may be generated with a new product portfolio. Due to the fact that premium economy generally provides passengers with up to 7 inches of extra legroom and above 2 inches of extra seat width, the introduction of premium economy will inevitably lower the fixed cost amortization. However, if the implementation could generate more loaded passengers, then the decline in fixed cost amortization could be subsidized. The impact of decreased fix cost amortization could be measured by assuming that if the same level of product profits be generated, how many loaded passengers are required. With the figures calculated, a market analysis should be carried out to find out whether such target could be achieved. 5.0 Market acceptance and market potential Every individual in the global world could be potential customer to the player. However, due to limitations resulting from factors like geography, operation scales, cost and benefit principal, etc, the player has to narrow down onto series of segment markets and figure out its target customers, and then focus its marketing efforts and its merchandise on the selected areas (Kurtz, 2010). Information about target consumers backgrounds and their complex buying decision making process is an indispensable part of accurate market identification and positioning activity (Nicosia, 1966). The idea of premium economy is firstly introduced to address the increasing demand from business travel. Unlike traditional market strategy which emphasize heavily on price and cost, strategies for premium economy pays more attention to the product and service quality, as in many cases price is not the primary issue for the business traveler. With the help from advanced information technologies such as visual conferencing, instant messaging system, content management system, etc, business can be done with participants locating all around the world. However, when coming to circumstances under which face-to-face interaction is inevitable to the success of the business, air travel, for its convenience and time saving characteristics, will come as the first choice for business travelers. To such targeted business travelers, what they want most from the flight would generally be the comforts and time saving. Traditionally, the time spent on waiting for check-in/out procedures would almost be more than two hours, which may mean quite a huge time cost to the business. Moreover, exhausted by the uncomfortable sitting environment, passengers may take certain time to fresh up their spirit and energy. This may generally have negative impact on their performance. With the introduction of premium economy business, travelers are provided with more space in which they can stretch out regularly and release the pressure so that they will not feel tired after the journey. Moreover, with the priority in check-in and disembarkation, business travelers could save more time for other important issues. With the product being accepted in the market, it should also be figured out the potential market volume. According to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), in 1999, approximately 30 percent of passengers from London to New York were business travelers (1.14 million passengers) (Sky Trails Airline, Ltd, n.d.). If such percentage could be applied to other heated commercial flights, the total market potential could then be analyzed and the product profitability could be worked out accordingly. 6.0 Conclusion With the increasing demand of long haul travel and the increased consumptive power, the introduction of premium economy will become a popular and inevitable trend in the airline industry. In order to make a proper investment decision on product introduction, the airline companies should first work out the break even point of the new product, and then analyze whether such profit could be realized in the current market. Moreover, in introducing the product, the companies should also consider the characteristics and major demands of the passengers and then further tailor the products to their specific needs. List of references ANA, n.d., Premium Economy, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.ana.co.jp/wws/uk/e/travelservice/reservations/special/py/index.html British Airways, n.d., World Traveler Plus, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.britishairways.com/travel/world-traveller-plus/public/en_gb Horngren, C, Sundem, G Stratton, W 2002, Introduction to Management Accounting, Prentice Hall, London. Kurtz, DL 2010, Contemporary Marketing, 13nd edn, Thomson South-Western, Mason, Ohio. Nicosia, F 1966, Consumer Decision Processes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Quantas, n.d., International Premium Economy, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/international-premium-economy-class/global/en Sky Trails Airline, Ltd n.d., Business Plan, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/business-plans/Business-Plans-Volume-09/Airline-Company.html United Airways, n.d., Economy Plus, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,1314,00.html Virgin Atlantic, n.d., Premium Economy, viewed 17 August 2010, http://www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/cn/whatsonboard/premiumeconomy/index.jsp

Research paper on Mark Twain: Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays papers

Research paper on Mark Twain: Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800s. It is the story of Hucks struggle to win freedom for himself and Jim, a Negro slave. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twains greatest book, and a delighted world named it his masterpiece. To nations knowing it well - Huck riding his raft in every language men could print - it was Americas masterpiece (Allen 259). It is considered one of the greatest novels because it conceals so well Twains opinions within what is seemingly a childs book. Though initially condemned as inappropriate material for young readers, it soon became prized for its recreation of the Antebellum South, its insights into slavery, and its depiction of adolescent life. The novel resumes Hucks tale from the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, which ended with Hucks adoption by Widow Douglas. But it is so much more. Into this book the world called his masterpiece, Mark Twain put his prime purpose, one that branched in all his writing: a plea for humanity, for the end of caste, and of its cruelties (Allen 260). Twain, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born in Florida, Missouri, in 1835. During his childhood he lived in Hannibal, Missouri, a Mississippi river port that was to become a large influence on his future writing. It was Twains nature to write about where he lived, and his nature to criticize it if he felt it necessary. As far his structure, Kaplan said, In plotting a book his structural sense was weak; intoxicated by a hunch, he seldom saw far ahead, and too many of his stories peter out from the authors fatigue or surfeit. His wayward techniques came close to free association. This method served him best after he had conjured up characters from lon ago, who on coming to life wrote the narrative for him, passing from incident to incident with a grace their creator could never achieve in manipulating an artificial plot (Kaplan 16). His best friend of forty years William D. Howells, has this to say about Twains writing. So far as I know, Mr. Clemens is the first writer to use in extended writing the fashion we all use in thinking, and to set down the thing that comes into his mind without fear or favor of the thing that went before or the thing that may be about to follow (Howells 186).

Ophelias Weakness Essay -- essays research papers

In classic works of literature, all characters have certain flaws, and Shakespeare’s tragedies’ characters in particular have faults that ultimately lead to their ruination. In Hamlet, Ophelia’s flaws eventually kill her. In the beginning of the play, it is clear through her thoughts and actions that that Ophelia is an obedient person. But upon closer inspection, the audience can see that she is not merely an obedient, but completely dependent and weak character. In fact, her needy nature is unmistakable from the beginning. OPH: â€Å"I do not know, my lord, what I should think.† POL: â€Å"Marry, I will teach you. Think yourself a baby†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Scene III, lines 105-106) Her cruel clashings with Hamlet, which go against her feelings for him, demonstrate her absolute obedience to her father. For example, from the start Ophelia told her father that she is fond of Hamlet: â€Å"My lord, he hath importuned me with love / In honorable fashion.† (Act I, Scene IV, lines 111-112) In relating this to Polonius, she implies that Hamlet is a decent and honorable man, and that she does have feelings for him. Ophelia’s later actions sacrifice these personal feelings by order of he r father, proving her total submission to his authority. Ophelia specifically agrees with her father not to see Hamlet again: â€Å"I shall obey, my lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Scene IV, line 136) This shows that Polonius has complete control over his daughter, with her desire to please her father as the direct cause. Ophelia has an innate desi...

Epidemiological Studies Essay example -- Health, Diseases, S.Saintapau

One of the most useful outcomes of studying epidemiology is learning how to evaluate critically the scientific literature (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Critical assessment of this literature is an important skill for public health professionals because the findings of epidemiologic research inform so many activities (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Munnoch et al. (2008) done epidemiological studies on S.Saintpaul infection occurred in Australia during October 2006 and found that cantaloupe production and processing practices pose a potential public health threat requiring regulatory and community education interventions. Based on main journal article written upon this subject, this article will analyse how epidemiological research has helped us understand the pattern of study conducted, source population, methods used and the interpretation of the results. STUDY OBJECT AND DESIGN This assignment reviews the evidence in the context of epidemiological research linking the consumption of cantaloupe to S.Saintpaul occurred in Australia affected three jurisdictions, New South Wales, Victoria and Australian Capital Territory and relatively uncommon in remaining states. Munnoch et al. (2008) conducted a multi-jurisdictional case-control study to test the hypothesis that S.Saintpaul infection was associated with the consumption of fresh produce items including cantaloupe. In addition, hypothesis generation method was used on cases according to which 14 newly notified S.Saintapaul cases were interviewed with a standardized retrospective hypothesis generating and trawling questionnaire to identify possible foodborne and environmental risk factors for infection. Food exposures commonly reported by these cases were cantaloupe (n=11), cucumber... ...ars), found that cases aged

Plantation agriculture Essay

Plantation agriculture is a kind of commercial arable farming in the world. It is especially important in humid tropics with luxuriant growth of vegetation. Its economic effectiveness is always emphasized, bringing both positive and negative impacts. In recent decades, crop diversification is introduced and the ecological balance of the natural environment is greatly conserved. Plantation agriculture refers to the growing of cash crops on large foreign owned estates in countries of tropical environment. It is usually practiced in a large scale with monoculture, in which only a certain type of plant is dominant. Take Papua New Guinea as an example, in the area, cacao, coffee and rubber are mainly grown in the region for export to other countries. Under this kind of farming, there are positive impacts to the economy. Firstly, due to its large scale of operation and being export-oriented in Papua New Guinea, the supply of products is regular and of uniformly high quality. With high demand for the products, this attracts large amount of investment of capital from the foreign countries, such as Europe and North America, thus allowing the farmers being financially able to provide the expensive machinery capable of turning out a high grade product. Benefiting from economies of scale, this enables both the transportation cost and production cost to be lowered. Secondly, plantations are also able to undertake greater scientific research and the eradication of pests and diseases. For example, one large sugar company in the former British colony of Guyana was able to employ a large research staff to produce a strain of sugar cane resistant to leaf-scald disease. Besides, government assistance has brought improved crop varieties, scientific research, new pesticides and fertilizers and effective marketing, The government of Papua New Guinea launched The Cape Hoskins Oil Palm Scheme to solve land disputes of many small holdings, strengthening national self-reliance. With increasing demand for the plantation, the employment rate of Papua New Guinea is greatly increased as there are more needs for personnel to manage crop growing and researching. Some crop processing and manufacturing industries are set up to satisfy the demand for crops. The farm productivity is increased as well. As people can earn more income from this kind of farming, this stimulates the rate of urbanization, hence the development of infrastructure and improvement of public facilities, such as roads, railways, ports, towns, schools, hospitals and the supply of electricity and water. As a result, the living standard of the labour is greatly improved. Despite the economic benefits, plantation farming somehow brings negative impacts to Papua New Guinea. First is the reliance upon the protected markets in Australia. At present, about one-third of the copra, 40 percent of the coffee, most of the cocoa and rubber is exported to Australia, which is assigned to admit duty free. In return, Papua New Guinea has to pay taxes for any imports. This leads to outflow of capital to foreign countries because this kind of farming is highly export-oriented. Second is the problem of labour. Plantations require large amount of cheap labour, but the wage rate is progressively higher because of the rising living standard and commercialization of the country. This increases the cost of production and thus reduces the competitiveness among other countries for the same kind of farming. Apart from this, the risk of crop failure is an important factor for consideration. As plantation agriculture is highly specialized. People highly rely on monoculture to earn a living. When the price of cash crops falls drastically or there is a sudden of crop failure, the income of farmers will fall as well. As a result, the earning of farmers tend to be unstable and badly affected the national income of Papua New Guinea. Besides, people have to import other necessities from other countries instead of planting within their own country, self-sufficiency cannot be achieved. In this way, there is no other source to safeguard the return of farmers. To overcome the negative impacts, crop diversification is a good method to reduce the over-reliance on certain types of cash crops. Ecologically, this method can also be beneficial to the environment. Since different types of crops are grown, the risk of crop failure decreases. This can stop the spread of diseases and pests for a particular type of crops. The population of pests decreases. This in turn reduces the use of pesticides. Hence, the chance of stream pollution is smaller, the sea organisms will not be poisoned or suffocated so easily, the nutrient flow can be more stable. There will be greater diversity of species of biomass, so the ecosystem will be more stable. Furthermore, diversification of crops increases the vegetation cover. There will be less surface runoff and soil erosion, yet infiltration increases. The nutrients of the soil can be preserved. Crop diversification also reduces the exhaustion of certain type of nutrients, fertility can be maintained and thus the use of fertilizer will be less common as well. Climatically, because of less crop failures, the amount of biomass increases. The evapotranspiration rate and wind speed can be more stable, so the microclimate can be maintained constant, the risk of global warming will not be getting serious so fast. In conclusion, plantation of cash crops is significant in Papua New Guinea for economic development. Though crop diversification may not be as profitable as plantation agriculture, ecological environment should not be ignored. In long-term, diversification of crops is a good way to safeguard the natural environment and brings more stable income to the farmers as well.

Online grading system Essay

Chapter I Nowadays, computers and other technology are very useful in the fields of education especially in our daily activities. The importance of computers cannot be denied in the fields of education because as we all know, computers are very significant in terms of learning and working. With those technologies, we can save time for other activities. Computers connected with internet also serve as useful tools for communication. Through this process various types of descriptive information and measures of students’ performance are converted into grades that summarize students’ accomplishment. Online Grading System is designed to provide incentive reward for achievement and assist in identifying problems of the student. Grading System is the most commonly used in computing and analyzing the performance, talent and skills of student? Grading system is an exercise in professional judgment on the part of the teachers. It involves the collection and evaluation of evidence on students’ achievement or performance over specified period of time. Parents can view and updated on the performance of their children. While teachers work load can be lessen through computing the grades automatically. Online Grading System of Cauayan South Central School (CSCS) is design to provide the system where in the parents of the students of Cauayan South Central School (CSCS) can access the grades of their children. Originally, the school was opened in the year 1953 through the initiation and encouragement of the late Teodoro Cariňo, who was at that time the Division Academic Supervisor from Pangasinan who resided here in Cauayan. The Teaching Staff welcomed and embraced the growing enrolment. Though their sincere and dedicated service to the community, they begged for more school buildings to house the school children hungry for formal education. From this point of view, the school will serve as a potent instrument because of the vast extent of outreach and of the size of the populace. To optimize this contribution to social, intellectual and cultural development, it has to maintain and accelerate its progress to be able to cope fully with changing world. It is believed that with the time tested, loyalty and cooperation of the school officials and teachers, the CSCS will surely be the best show window of the City Division. Thus, the above reasons drove the researcher to conduct a study regarding the Online Grading System, which aims to improve their present system. Statement of the Problem This study was conducted to assess the present of Cauayan South Central School Online grading system and aims to computerize the records of the students of Cauayan South Central School. Particularly the study attempted to answer the following questions: 1. To what extent are the problems encountered by the students and teachers in the present system in terms of: a. Security of records b. Efficiency of the present system c. Economics 2.What is the respondents’ evaluation on the advantages of the proposed Online Grading of the Students Record System in terms of: a. Security of records b. Efficiency of the present system c. Economics 3. Is there a significant difference in the evaluation on the problems encountered as perceived by the three groups of respondents in terms of: a. Security of Records b. Efficiency of the present system c. Economics SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The result of this study â€Å"A proposed Online Grading System for Cauayan South Central School, Cauayan City, Isabela† are very important to the following: To the school – The result of this study will definitely help the Cauayan South Central School, Cauayan City, Isabela no longer have to re-compute the grades of each student to check on their accuracy. Reports such as grading sheets and class records can be submitted on time via online. To the faculty Teachers – Teachers would be able to record and compute for the grades of their students in any place or in any time with an internet connection and faster thereby lessening their workload and providing them with added time to attend to other functions. This in turn would improve their efficiency as teachers. To the Students – Students can now look forward to better lessons since their teachers would have added time to prepare for them their lesson plans. To the Parents of the Students – The parents can know the grade of their children through online. To the researchers – This study enhances the knowledge of the researcher in writing and programming. Furthermore, this study gave the opportunity to the researcher to learn and strive more to become competent in her field of interest. To the Future Researchers – this study will focus as an instrument for researcher related activities and will help them gain insights about the study and how to go about it. Definition of Terms Computer. It is any machine that does three things accept structure, process it according to prescribed rules and produce the result as output. Computer Program. In this study, it is a set of instruction in some computer language intended to be executed on a computer to perform a useful task. Data. In this study, it is the plural of the Latin datum, meaning an item of information following classical usage, one time of information. Input. In this study, it is the information entered in a computer for processing. Information System. In this study, in programming it is a collection of routines stored in a file. Each set of instruction in a library has a name and performs a different, often very specific task. System. In this study, it is a collection component elements that work together to perform a task Software. In this study, it is a computer program, instruction that cause the hardware the machine to do work. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study was conducted at Cauayan South Central School involving the pupils, teachers and parents during the School Year 2014-2015 This study focused on the assessment of the student’s grades of Cauayan South Central School and the development of the Online grading System. This study is limited only to the student’s grade and does not cover the other transaction of the school. It cannot be used for conversation. If the instructor submitted wrong grades of student, the online system is not  reliable in human error. The grade encoding process relies on internet connection Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies To be familiar with the study, the researchers gathered some information through surfing the internet and scanning text book to improved their related literature and studies. Local Literature According to Torall (200) think with all the tough times were facing, having a website now is very important among small and medium enterprises and use it as medium to sell product and disseminate corporate information. Having a website communication where one can join. Foreign Studies According to Moreno (2000), School is now in their own website but they got to effectively utilize this technology to bring real benefits to their audience: students, parents, teachers, and school officials. The World Wide Web is one of the most effective communication technologies today. A school website can expand opportunities for parents to communicate with the school and become more informed about the education their children are getting. Teachers can use the school website to share ideas with other teacher and make them available even to everyone else. A school websites can also allow parents to voice out there concerns to school officials. Some parents avoid communicating with their children’s school because they do not feel comfortable talking to teachers or they think their concerns will not be heard while others are simply burned out by their work. When the need arises, many parents and teachers find themselves unable to contact each other. School websites can greatly eliminate barriers in involving parents in the school. Foreign Literature Castro(2000). The World Wide Web is the Gutenberg press of our time. Just above anyone can create their own web. Web site and then present it to the internet public. Some web page belongs to business with service to sell, other to individuals with information to share. Randall(1996) an English professor at the University of Waterloo Canada, heist the author of several books about the internet. Thousands upon thousands of companies, organization, and individuals are looking to the web as an important means disseminating information. If you’re not part of it, you’re already somewhat behind. Jumping onto the web is like jumping onto the biggest stage ever designed. When you put your page in the web, you’re inviting the world become take a look. Most internet user won’t bother, either because they’re not interested or, more likely, because they never get to know your contribution (it’s a huge stage). Realizing that the average person, when they begin to look into CCTV, has little way of knowing where to find expert advice at reasonable cost, we have set up this website to bring together some of the top people and organizations working in this field. The companies and individual found on this web site are those who do not just talk about excellence, but both believe in it, and make sure that it runs through every fibred of there organization and dealing with costumers. Local Studies Guidance for Government Webs site Issued (www.nee.edu.ph.com) The National Computer Center (NCC) recently issued memorandum curricular 2002-01, â€Å"Guidance on Creation of the agency’s official website and compliance to the E-commerce law and stage one of the UN-ASPA stage of E-Government†. The circular further states that the computer agency will coordinate and provide technical assistance to national government agencies (NGAs), Local Government Units (LGU) and state universities and collage (SUCs) to ensure that they have website that will provide basic public information. The basic information includes the following; organizational aims structure and responsibilities of each unit. Mangulit (2001) Book Store Inc. According to Mangulit, Website now number by the millions. There are personal Website, corporate website, small business Website, and so on. And the number of website just keeps on growing each day. Website provides two real value-adding services. Website allows companies to either make more money or save money. Business can make more money by selling their product and services through the website. The website also to save money allow business. According to Ducusin, Many Business School, Individual, and Government agencies at all levels have rushed to establish a presence on the internet. The attraction is the ability to quick and inexpensively provides information to a large number of people. The website can provides the public with information about government agencies also provide about agencies mission, service offered, office hour, and email add for correspondence. Eventually users of the WWW will be able to submit request to an agency for document or other inquires directly though the webpage. Also provide information about the government agencies and the service that they offer. Many of the interactions between citizens and government that require visit to government office could be handling through home page in the internet. Request for permits driver’s license record, documents and forms could all be handled through the internet. Chapter III Technical Background At present, Cauayan South Central School, Cauayan City, Isabela are using manual system in grading of student’s. They are using forms to track the student transaction in the school and then keep it in drawer or cabinet for safe keeping.! PHP platform was used in the development of the program. Since the project is designed as a client server program, two or more networked computers are needed in the school for the implementation of the project. The program will be used by the teachers. The teacher’s and student’s must registered if new and has no record yet in the website. Once the students is already registered in the website and wants to have their grade, the student or the parent will just search student’s record, and then input his or her findings and recommendation in the website for the  update of student’s record. Below are the technologies used in the development of computerized medical and dental record system. Software PHP Platform used in the development of program Microsoft Windows 7,8,XP Operating system (minimum requirement) SQL Server Database 2005 Database (minimum requirement) Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, RockMelt, and Safari Browsers (recommended use of Google Chrome) Hardware Computer Unit Specification (minimum requirement) 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit) 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit) DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver Internet Connection Ink Jet Printer (for report printing) Network Hub and UTP cables were used in networking the computers. Peopleware System user must be knowledgeable in using computer. Chapter IV Methodology The methodology chapter provides the details of the step by step procedures used in developing the Online Grading System. The project procedures will be explained in detail. Requirements Specification The proponent used the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) – a structured analysis concept in developing a system. Phase 1 – SYSTEM PLANNING The proponent performed preliminary investigation to the school where we able to identify the process and flow of manual grading. Phase 2 – SYSTEM ANALYSIS After the investigation, the proponent build logical model for the new system based from the user requirements. Phase 3 – SYSTEM DESIGN At this stage the proponent design the user-interface and identify all necessary outputs, inputs, and processes. In addition the proponent design internal and external controls including computer based and manual features to guarantee that the system will be reliable, accurate, maintainable and secure. Phase 4 – SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION I this phase the proponent constructed the new system. Program is written, tested and documented and system is installed. Phase 5 – SYSTEM OPERATION, SUPPORT AND SECURITY At this point, the clinic staff maintains and protects the system. Based on the phases and deliverables of the SDLC, Figure 1 shows the timeline of the researcher undergone. The entire study is accomplished in 2014 Figure 2? Data Gathering Procedures First, the researcher prepared a letter seeking for the approval from the principal name After seeking approval, the researcher prepared the questionnaires, have them checked and approved by the Research Instructor and then administer the questionnaires to the respondents. Data Gathering Instruments This study made use of the Questionnaires as its main instrument in gathering data. It also made use of interview to support the data and  information gathered from the questionnaires. This will also be supplemented by observations and documentary analysis. Questionnaire The researcher used the questionnaire method in collecting data in a large number of people. The questionnaire undergone different kind of approval; first, the questionnaire was checked by the adviser to make sure that is related to the statement of the problem. Second, the English Critic made sure that the grammar and spelling were ceorrect. Interview The researcher interviewed the principal to obtain pertinent data and accurate information that would help in improving their manual grading. Observation Observation was done by the researcher to get more information about the current process. Internet Researcher The researcher used the internet to collect additional information about Online Grading System. Library Reseacher Library research was done in defining terms in the study and served as a reference in making document analysis from similar studies and procedures. The method helped the researcher and served as a guide on how to organized data that is needed on the study. Figure 3: Input-Process-Output (IPO) model The proponent used the IPO model. In the input column is information or ideas used by the researcher. Processing column are the actions taken upon using input. Output is result of the processing, which is the development of the proposed system. Data and Process Modeling Figure 4: Proposed System Context Diagram The context diagram illustrates the structure of the Online Grading System of Cauayan South Central School. It shows the relationship among the Administrator, Teacher’s, Students. The system has inputs like the student information, teachers information, and user information. To access to the system, the user enters the correct username and password. After the username and password validation, the user can add, delete, edit and view depending of the transaction desired. The system output is the Grade of the Student’s. Data Flow Diagram The researcher used the Data Flow Diagram to understand the flow of the project and at the same for future study. DFD demonstrate the external entities, data storage and the to be performed. In the Lon in process, the user needs to enter his username and password. When the username and password were entered, the system will look for any information matched in the database. As soon as the system confirms that the information given is valid, the system will show the user’s interface. There are different views for the administrator, the student and the teacher. Figure 5: Log in Information of Online Grading System of Cauayan South Central School

Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

â€Å"Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire† In this article taken from The Journal of Economic History, Peter Charanis discusses the factors that economically affected the decline of the Byzantine Empire. His discussion is based on the fact that past scholars, such as English historian Edward Gibbon who wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, thought the Byzantine Empire was in a constant state of decline throughout its existence, but he disagrees. He says that more recent scholars have found that it was, in fact, one of the great empires in history.He references to historians such as Fridtjof Nansen, author of L’Armenie et le proche Orient, who said that the Byzantine culture â€Å"is and will remain one of the most remarkable works of architecture, and if the Byzantine culture had created nothing but that, it would be sufficient to classify it among the greatest. † Charanis is convinced that most scholars today reject G ibbon’s theory, and this article discusses why he believes so. Because the Byzantine Empire endured for over a thousand years and was the center of civilization until the middle of the eleventh century, it could not be looked at as a constantly declining empire.According to Charanis, it preserved antiquity, developed new forms of art, and held back barbarians. Byzantium produced great soldiers, statesmen, diplomats, reformers, and scholars. It was also successful at spreading the gospel among pagan tribes. Charanis quotes Czech historian F. Dvornik who wrote Les Slaves byzance et Rome au IX saying Byzantium â€Å"molded the undisciplined tribes and made nations out of them; it gave to them its religion and institutions, taught their princes how to govern, transmitted to them he very principles of civilation – writing and literature. â€Å"Byzantium was a great power and a great civilizing force,† Charanis said. He believed that war and religion were the two pri ncipal factors that molded the society of the empire and determined its external position. Because war was a normal state during Byzantium’s thousand year existence, war was not a reason to believe that it was constantly declining. For example, in the seventh century, the Sarcens, Slavs, and Bulgars reduced the empire greatly, but the seventh century emperors reorganized the administration of the empire to cope with the situation at hand.In the eleventh century however, the empire was not as fortunate to recover from certain military reverses that occurred. There were disastrous defeats that they never fully recovered from, and this is what finally led to the beginning of their decline. One very important factor, according to Charinis’ sources such as Russian historians’ books and works, were the conditions the Manzikerts left the empire in. It had such a huge impact on the social and economic life of the empire, and this was the basis of its virtual disappearan ce.Byzantium relied so fully on the social and economic aspect of their culture, that an attack to this was fatal. The Manzikert military aristocracy was far from what the Byzantines were accustomed to, and caused the soldiery-peasantry to decline which was a large part of their state. Up until this point, emperors were able to rework the empire and reorganize things so that Byzantium could thrive, but after their â€Å"large estate†, which had been a huge party of their society, was attacked, it was almost impossible.Charanis believes that the aristocracy that was put in place in the eleventh century was also another large factor of decline. Instead of being a social and economic based empire, it was a military aristocracy. The soldiers were the holders of the military estates, and the aristocracy absorbed the estates of the peasants. The focus of the emperors was the happiness of the soldiers and not of the peasants, or all the other people in the empire, and this was also a large source of decline in Byzantium.Once the emperors of the eleventh century realized that this system was not working quite as well, they tried to create an anti-military policy, which consummated a depression in soldiers. This entire struggle that occurred after the seventh century caused the empire to participate in a series of civil wars affected its sources and manpower, according the Charanis. Other serious factors that caused the decline were the weakening of the central administration, the failure to enforce measures of protection for the soldiery-peasantry, and the grants of privileges made to the aristocracy.It has been said that another reason for their decline was the strict controls they placed on commerce and industry, but Charanis disagrees and says it is extremely doubtful that this was their weakness. He backs up this argument by saying that when those controls were most strictly enforced, was when their empire was at its greatest. He goes on to say that the per iod of the greatest decline is marked by the breakdown of these controls.Tenth century Byzantine emperor Romanus Lecapenus wrote in one of his novels that the extension of power to the strong and the depression of power to the many would â€Å"bring about the irreparable loss of the public good. † Charanis agrees with him saying that â€Å"His prediction had come true. The disappearance of the free peasantry, the increase in the wealth, privileges, and power of the aristocracy, and the consequent depression of the agrarian population constitute, I think, some of the principal factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire. †Charanis’ evidence is clearly all there and cited, but it is somewhat difficult to understand his references. They’re numbered at the bottom and his numbers are meant to further explain certain points throughout the article. Another problem I have with his evidence is that they are mostly books written by foreign authors, and I canâ₠¬â„¢t read the titles. I believe that Charanis has clearly proven his point and thoroughly discussed his thesis; however, his argument was not extremely bold, because he is arguing one historian’s theory (Edward Gibbon), and agreeing with every other historian who believes the Byzantine Empire was great.His argument was more fact-based, and proven through certain points of notoriety throughout the existence of the empire, and his presentation of these points seemed unorganized. In fact I found the organization of this article to be somewhat confusing. He seemed to jump around from century to century and fact to fact. I believe it would have been much more efficiently written if he had discussed the certain centuries of the empire in chronological order. This also would have more effectively shown the factors that led up to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.Instead he jumped around discussing things that related to the factors, but not thoroughly discussing what order the th ings happened and why one led to the next. Charanis did not raise new questions in his argument. He simply argued Gibbon’s theory, and used other historians to back his argument up. In fact, most of the historians that Charanis used as references were quite old, for example, Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian author from 1928. No recent authors or suggestions were raised from Charanis’ article.I think that overall this article offered some very thorough and credible information about the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but since his original argument was that Gibbon was wrong, he should have used more examples of historians that supported Gibbons theory and argued their points as well. Though he had many historians to back up his argument, his thesis mentioned Gibbon. He definitely proved his point and listed many factors that caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but I would have liked to see less confusing organization and newer information that supported his argume nt.

Pathos in the film “City Lights” Essay

Charlie Chaplin’sCity Lights, subtitled â€Å"A Comedy Romance in Pantomime,† was released in 1931. Chaplin was responsible for the film’s production, direction, editing, music, and screenplay. City Lights is a combination of pathos (an emotion of sympathetic pity), slapstick and comedy. In the film City Lights Chaplin uses pathos in the scenes â€Å"Flower Girl†, â€Å"This Time Stay Out† and â€Å"Still Hoping†. The first example of pathos in City Lights is in the scene â€Å"the Flower Girl.† In this scene he enters and exits a parked limousine in a traffic jam to avoid a motorcycle policeman where he then confronts a beautiful blind girl selling flowers. She hears the limo door slam and assumes he is a millionaire. She asks him to buy a flower; he is infatuated with her and gives her his last coin for a flower. She then thinks he has left because she hears another limo door slam. Without asking for his change, he sits silently on the bench and watches her adoringly. While she changes the water for her flowers at the fountain, she accidentally throws a bucket of dirty water in his face. When the Flower Girl goes home that evening she dreams of more visits from him. The next example of pathos is in the scene â€Å"This Time, Stay Out.† During this scene the little tramp goes to the millionaire’s mansion in the limo the millionaire gave him when he was drunk, but the millionaire has sobered up, and doesn’t remember the little tramp and wants nothing to do with him. The Tramp is forced out of the house by the butler at the front door and walks away disappointed. Then, in the millionaire’s limo, he trails a man down the street waiting for him to throw out his cigarette. He has to fight off another bum for cigarette butt once it is dropped. The final example of pathos is in â€Å"Hope is Rewarded.† The little tramp has just got out of prison and because of the tramp’s generous contribution nine months earlier the girl and her grandmother now own a flower shop and the girl has had her sight restored with an operation. Defeated by the prison experience, the little tramp slowly walks along the town’s streets looking for the flower girl at her normal sidewalk location. A millionaire enters the flower shop to purchase flowers, and the girl hopes that her savior has  returned to reveal himself. She tells her grandmother: â€Å"†¦I thought he had returned.† Just outside the flower shop, a newspaper boys’ peashooter pesters the tattered tramp, her real savior. When he bends down to pick up a discarded rose in the gutter one of the boys grabs a piece of his shirt hanging out of his pants and tears off a piece and holds it up. The Little Tramp snatches it back and chases the boys then fol ds up the cloth and wipes his nose with it. The flower girl was watching and giggling through the flower shop window. When he notices the girl through the shop window, he is filled with joy and he smiles at her. She then makes an ironic comment to her grandmother: â€Å"I’ve made a conquest!† â€Å"The film’s most simple, moving, eloquent and poignant finale is filled with melancholy and pathos†(City Lights Review, Tim Dirks pg. 3). The Tramp tries to avoid her, she then stops laughing and pities him. She calls him back and in a sympathetic act of charity, offers him a flower to replace the wilting one he picked up from the gutter; she also offers him a coin. When she takes his hand, she recognizes who he is with her acute sense of touch. She realizes that he is the mysterious patron. At first, she appears dismayed because he looks completely different from what she dreamed about. The Tramp becomes excited when she accepts him for who he is. The Little Tramp put aside his own interest and feelings to accommodate others; he sacrifices his own happiness by providing the one gift, which will deny his own fulfillment. In the Scene â€Å"The flower girl† pathos is shown when the blind girl thinks he is a millionaire just because she hears the limo door and hearing another door shut she believes he has left. Then, in â€Å"This Time Stay Out† you feel pity for the little tramp once he is kicked out of the millionaires house because the millionaire is sober and he follows a stranger to get a cigarette butt. Finally in the last scene â€Å"Hope is Rewarded† the blind girl feels pity for the little tramp and wants to help him in the same way he felt pity for her and wanted to help her in the beginning.

Organization and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Leadership - Essay Example The hospital facility in which I work promotes transformational leadership approach to manage the nursing staff effectively and thereby establishes a patient-centered care. According to Harrison, â€Å"transformational leadership is defined as leadership behaviors that inspire followers, resulting in both leader and follower raising each other up to higher level of morality, motivation, and performance based on four categories of leader behavior, including idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and inspirational motivation† (Harrison, 2011, p.98). Transformational leaders are expected to identify the needed change, create a vision plan to achieve the change through inspiration, and execute the change with the support of committed members of the group. Referring to Edwards, Knight, Broome and Flynn (2010), the four crucial components of transformational leadership include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Idealized influence means the leader serves as an ideal role model for his/her followers whereas the component of inspirational motivation implies that transformational leaders have the potential to inspire and motivate others. The concept of individualized consideration reflects that this type of leaders express genuine commitment to considering the needs and feelings of the followers. Finally, intellectual stimulation means transformational leaders encourage the staff to be creative and innovative (Edwards et al). In this hospital facility, the nursing leaders rely on the transformational leadership approach to enhance the motivation, morale, and job performance of the nursing staff through a variety of mechanisms such as aligning the staff’s sense of identify with the collective identity of the organization; being a

The Systems & Language Skills of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Systems & Language Skills of English - Essay Example So, knowledge of certain words together with major word-building principles of the language can help a student to enrich one’s vocabulary with the help of word-building skills. Grammar involves the rules of combining worlds into phrases and sentences. Its knowledge is an essential part of education since it helps forming grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. At the same time grammar is very interrelated with, and even cannot be used meaningfully without, some knowledge of the function system of English. Function defines the purpose of a word combination, a phrase or a sentence, and outlines its direct meaning. It is very related to grammar because, for example, ‘I have read’ and ‘I read’ are different not only grammatically (different tense forms), but functionally as well – the first phrase expresses a completed action, while the second shows that the action was being performed, but has not necessarily been completed. That is the functional difference. Phonology refers to the sounds and pronunciation of the language. It helps to differentiate spoken and heard words. It is an essential part of learning the language since it is one of the main tools for developing students’ language skills. Though we have identified the four separate systems of the language, it cannot be said that any of them can function or be taught independently. On the contrary, in order to teach students the major macro skills in English, such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking, all the four language systems should be applied. The four major language skills are divided into productive and receptive ones. Productive skills are those that involve individual’s direct and active participation. They are speaking and writing, that is communicating information in a written or oral form. Receptive skills are listening and reading. However, the receptive skills are

Introduction to Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Economics - Essay Example Francis enjoys an absolute advantage. Why would there be an advantage to turning either task over to Phil and specializing? The answer comes from the Ricardo Theory that was put forth by the 19th century economist David Ricardo (The history of economic thought n.d.). The theory addresses the problem of comparative advantage. As can be seen from the table the cost of a phone call for Phil (.125 statements) is less than the cost of a call for Francis (.2 statements). However, the cost of a statement for Phil is 8 calls, but for Francis it is only 5 calls. Francis can produce a statement for fewer resources than Phil, and Phil can produce a call for less than Francis. They should therefore specialize. Phil should answer the phone and Francis should do the financial statements. This study was undertaken to analyze the effect that demand has on the US real estate market. The project studied the housing costs in 6 major cities. It was theorized that three factors; Demand, Area Income, and Value would affect housing. By evaluating the median housing price, the median incomes, and the housing available at the median price we were able to show the influence of demand. It was found that area income had no effect on housing cost. Likewise, we found that the higher cost areas provided less housing than the lower cost areas. The study concluded that the market was almost exclusively demand driven. The 6 major cities that are listed on the graph in Figure 1 display their median housing cost. It ranged from a high in San Francisco CA of $726,700 to a low in Austin TX of $170,900. The other 4 cities, New York, Boston, Seattle, and Chicago fell in the middle. If there were an increase in cost is due to higher local area wages, it would be expected that all cities would spend about the same percentage of their wages for housing. However, the graph, indicated by Relative % of income, shows that people in San Francisco spend a proportion of their

A Question of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Question of Ethics - Essay Example On the other hand, Danny’s mother violated the principle of space and privacy which is important in interpersonal communication and relationships. Danny needed some space, he went out with friends after a very long time and if his mother was getting so anxious then she could have called to check. Also, Danny’s mother had not slept the entire night, so she should not have initiated the conversation and should have waited till a more appropriate time to start the discussion. Both Danny and his mother also commit a face-threatening act which made their arguments more intense. Danny’s mother had no need to taunt Danny about the fact that his parents do not seek rent, feed him for free and so forth because such statements can hurt a person’s emotions, even if they are unintentional. Conversely, Danny should have just tried to understand and appreciate his mother's concern instead of retaliating because it was his negligence in the first place that became the ca use of his mother’s anxiety.

Langston Huges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Langston Huges - Essay Example Well, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have rhythm, so they elected me as class poet† (Johnson, p.138)." He also wrote newspapers for the school, wrote plays, short stories, and edited the year book. It was at this time in high school when he realized that he had a passion for books and wrote â€Å"when Sue Wears Red†, his first jazz poetry. In 1919, he briefly lived with his father in Mexico although the relationship between the two was poor. In 1920 Hughes went back to his father with hopes that he would help him enroll to Colombia University. Initially, before arriving to Mexico, Hughes states that he had been thinking about his father and the strange dislike of his own people. Hughes did not understand it because he was a Negro and liked Negros very much (Hughes and McLaren, p.65). His father had plans of taking him to a university overseas to make a career in engineering and not become a writer. At some point they came into a compromise whereby Hughes agr eed to study engineering only if his father would allow him to attend Colombia University. Hughes has struggled since childhood to fit in the United States as an African American. At a young age, he did not have an easy life and racism encounters was the order of the day though he decided to remain loyal to his own heritage. He had due respect for his background as an African American to an extent of using his racial pride as the base of his works. The struggles in his life shaped him into becoming both a poet and an inspiring leader to the African American people. Having struggled in making a living, he finally figured out what he really wanted to do by stating in his autobiography that he wanted to write seriously and as well as he knew how about the Negro people. This is what gave Hughes an establishment of his own style; a style that would give a reflection about his personal African American experiences whereby race had its own inequalities (Hughes and McLaren, 66). Hughes soug ht out a communism world, one with an ideology that offers to establish classless views, lack of social status and get rid of segregation in the society. The political views regarding racial discrimination were a major obstacle in Hughes’ life. This enabled him to express his opinions and perception about issue facing the colored people in America through his works. Hughes wrote in a respectable way to demonstrate to his fellow black writers the significance of writing educative works rather than criticize harshly. I n the year 1924, went to back to the United States did odd jobs like a busboy and an assistant cook at a restaurant in Washington where he met Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. Hughes decided to show some of his poet work to Lindsay who was fascinated enough to make connections and promote Hughes’ work for a larger audience (Baxter, p.45). That same year, his poem â€Å"Weary Blues† won a prize in the literary competition of the opportunity magazine . He was also lucky to receive a scholarship to enroll at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Again, Hughes poems caught the attention of novelist Carl Van Vetchten, who also made connections for Hughes and the following year his first poetry book weary blues was published. The first time that Hughes gained recognition as a recommendable literature figure was in 1920s, a time for â€Å"